Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation's Treasures from the Nazis (56 page)

Kurfürst bunker, 227

Kursk, Battle of, 17

Lady with an Ermine
(Leonardo), 309

LaFarge, Bancel, 61

Lago Maggiore, 171, 230, 246

Lahousen, Erwin von, 21–22, 361

Lake Como, 265

Lake Garda, 48, 170, 258

Lancellotti Discobolus,
77

Lang, Jochen von, 251, 354

Lang of Lambeth, Lord, 100

Langsdorff, Alexander, xx, 117–19, 146, 148–52, 170–71, 175, 195, 230, 232–33, 244, 245, 249–50, 256–57, 265, 289, 310–11, 313

Last Judgment, The
(Camposanto fresco), 181

Last Supper, The
(Andrea del Castagno), 2

Last Supper, The
(Gaddi), 2

Last Supper, The
(Ghirlandaio), 2

Last Supper, The
(Leonardo), 2–5, 30, 36, 41, 111, 283–85, 296–98, 323, 324, 330, 339

deterioration of, 4, 323–24

painting of, 2, 4

restorations of, 4, 324

Last Supper, The
(Perugino), 2

Lavagnino, Emilio, 90, 113, 115–16, 138, 139, 140, 147, 324

Lazzari, Marino, 75

Leese, Oliver, 169

Lemnitzer, Lyman, 246, 253, 254, 286
n

Leningrad, Siege of, 24

Leonardo da Vinci, 2–5, 30, 37, 72, 76, 110, 111, 141, 145, 153, 199, 283–85, 296–98, 309, 323–24, 331

Leptis Magna, xxii, 136

Libya, xxii, 44, 136

Liechtenstein, 49

Ligurian Army, 242

Lingen, Kerstin von, 316
n,
354

Linklater, Eric, 165–67, 168, 172–73

Linz, 71, 116–17

Führermuseum (Gemäldegalerie) in, 71, 72, 73, 116, 213, 255

Lippi, Filippino, 106, 140, 199

Liri Valley, 82, 103

Littorio, 12–13, 33

Livorno, 169, 190, 203, 301

London, 50, 235, 281, 328

British Museum in, xxi, 50, 65

London Museum in, xxii, 136

National Gallery in, 113

Nazi bombing of, 14, 34

St. Paul’s Cathedral in, 34

Louvain, 69–71, 145

Louvain, University of, German destruction of, 69–71, 145

Lübeck, 263

Lucca, 104

Luftwaffe, 278, 233

Herman Göring Division of, 82–83, 85–87, 89–90, 100, 139, 140, 226, 310, 313, 315, 321

Lugano, 36, 265

Luini, Bernardino,
349

Macke, August, 72

MacLeish, Archibald, 25

Madonna and Child
(Botticelli), 199

Madonna and Child
(Lippi), 199

Madonna and Child and Saints
(School of van Dyck), 325

Madonna and Child and Sister Bentivoglio
(Luini),
349

Madonna del Baldacchino
(Raphael), 168

Madonna of the Chair
(Raphael), 75

Madonna of the Veil
(Raphael),
347

Maestà
(Duccio), 143–44, 186, 321, 337

Maglione, Cardinal Luigi, 13
n,
22

Maiuri, Amedeo, 86

Major, Ralph, 305–6

Malta, University of, xxii, 136

Mantegna, Andrea, 37, 109–10, 114, 199, 322

Marano sul Panaro, 149, 266

Marburg, University of, 117

Mariano, Elisabetta “Nicky,” 192, 193

Marine Corps, U.S., xiii, 26

Reserve of, xxii, 55

Markat, Hans, 72

Markowski, Eugene,
188,
334–35, 353

Marshall, George C., 65, 66, 225

Martinez, Hilario, 338

Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, xxi, 62

Masaccio, 84, 106–8, 109–10, 153

Mask of a Faun
(Michelangelo), 147

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 62

Matthews, Herbert, 40, 187, 224

Mauldin, Bill, 225, 266

Maxse, Frederick H. J., 45, 61, 62, 104

Mayne, Edward B., 220

McCallum, Captain, 180

McCartney, Benjamin C., 105
n

McCloy, John, 66, 208

Medici family, 147, 150, 153, 154–55, 181, 191

Medici Family pact of 1737, 148

Medici tombs (Michelangelo), 147

Mediterranean Allied Air Forces, 99

Mediterranean Sea, 178

Meindl, Johannes, 325

Mein Kampf
(Hitler), 10, 356

Meier, Richard, 25

Mellenthin, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 220

Memling, Hans, 77, 147,
348

Mensanello, Bishop’s Palace at, 143–44

Messina, Strait of, 47

Messina Cathedral, 46

Metropolitan Museum of Art, 39–40, 41, 74

Metzner, Colonel, 144–46, 149, 152

Michelangelo Buonarroti, 29, 33, 75, 76, 77, 118, 123–24, 137, 141, 146–47, 153, 155, 186, 196, 199, 215, 292, 299, 330, 337

Michelozzo, 215

Milan, 10, 256–57, 269, 282–85, 296–98

Allied bombing of, 1–5, 30–33, 35–38, 40, 111, 283–84, 296, 322–23, 324, 355

antiaircraft shelter in, 3
n

Castello Sforzesco in, 37, 114, 283

Duomo in, 10, 37, 323

La Scala opera house in, 36, 37, 283, 322–23

museums and galleries of, 37, 114, 138, 283, 296, 323

see also
Santa Maria delle Grazie Church

Minerva and the Centaur
(Botticelli), 145, 289

Minsk, 20

Modigliani, Ettore, 296–97, 323

Mohr, Michael, 287

Monaco, Lorenzo), 147, 296

Mona Lisa
(Leonardo), 7, 145

Monet, Claude, 72

Montagnana, Villa Bossi-Pucci in, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151–52, 167–68, 195, 231, 288–89, 300, 325, 349

Monte Cassino Benedictine Abbey, 82–87, 321

Allied bombing and capture of, 99–101, 108
n,
109, 124–25, 129–30, 202

art and archives of, 83–87, 89–90, 140, 226–27, 255, 301–2, 310, 313, 349

Montegufoni Castle, 147, 165, 166–69

Monte Oliveto Maggiore, 185–86

Monte Trocchio, 97

Montini, Giovanni Battista, 13–15, 178–79, 206–11, 267

see also
Paul VI, Pope

Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) Section, xiv, xxi, xxii, 61, 63, 93, 97, 110, 136, 138, 142, 173, 185, 190, 202, 225, 329, 330, 335, 339

Monuments Men, The
(Edsel), xv

Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art, xiv, xv, 347

Morey, Charles Rufus, 25

Morocco, 125

Moses
(Michelangelo), 137

Mossad, 316

Mount Vesuvius, 62

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 136

Munich, 19, 21, 22, 213, 227, 253, 264, 302, 325

Munich, University of, 117

Mussolini, Benito, xix, 14, 31, 37, 41, 88, 115, 131, 148, 169, 172, 212, 231, 284, 310–11

alliance of Hitler and, 9–12, 16, 17–18, 19, 21, 74–75, 76–78, 96, 115

assassination of, 269

forced resignation of, 16–19, 32, 36, 77, 359

German rescue of, 19, 21, 48–49

speeches of, 10, 11, 16

Naples, 13, 55, 61, 62–66, 74, 93–97, 123–24, 141, 155, 185, 209, 295, 314, 337

air-raid shelters of, 94–95

Allied bombing and occupation of, 32, 63, 94–95, 119

art treasures of, 84, 85, 86, 90, 139–40, 226–27, 255, 302, 310, 324

churches of, 94–95

Filangieri Museum in, 78, 86, 347, 349

Hotel Volturno in, 95

liberation of, 81

Mostra d’Oltremare in, 84

Museo Nazionale in, 64, 84, 86, 138, 140, 321
n

Museo San Martino in, 84

Reggia di Capodimonte in, 84, 321

State Archives of, 78, 86

Naples, University of, destruction of, 63–64, 78, 369

Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 73, 74, 82

National Gallery of Art, 41, 331

National Geographic,
105
n

Nationalists, Spanish, 10

National Park Service, 55

National Postal Museum, 126
n

National Security Act, 318

National Socialism, 10

National World War II Museum Liberation Pavilion, xv

Naval Reserve, U.S., 137

Nazi Party, 18, 20, 117, 120, 121, 156, 232, 234, 239
n,
249

Netherlands, 219

Nettuno, Battle of, 103

Neumelans Castle, 267, 287, 289–90

Newton, Norman T., xxii, 25, 55, 56, 61, 124, 125, 138
n,
169, 282, 330, 331

New York, N.Y., xxii, 25, 44, 28, 241, 285, 333, 334

New York Daily News,
336

New York Times,
39, 40, 45, 86, 187, 224

New York University, 29

Institute of Fine Arts of, 29

Norstad, Lauris, 104–5

North Africa, xiv, xxi, 24, 31, 38, 51–57, 93, 165, 208, 329–30

monuments of, 43, 136

Roman ruins in, xxii, 136

North African Air Force, 61

Nymphs and Satyrs
(Rubens), 168

Oder River, 219, 233

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), xx, 5, 193, 207, 208, 209, 211, 234, 237–39, 241–49, 262, 282, 285–86, 287, 313, 315–16, 318, 328

Art Looting Investigation Unit of, 302

Maritime Detachment of, 286

“Penance” mission of, 258

Special Operations of, 248

see also
Dulles, Allen

Ognissanti Madonna
(Giotto), 167

Oliveto, 152

Castello Guicciardini in, 149–50, 151

Olschki, Alessandro, 301, 303, 334

Omodeo, Adolfo, 63–64

Operation Avalanche, 47

Operation Baytown, 47

Operation Dragoon, 177

Operation Feuerzauber, 161

Operation Shingle, 103

Operation STRANGLE, 104

Operation Sunrise, 245, 262, 263, 265, 272, 314, 317, 318, 410

Osborne, Francis D’Arcy, 14, 22

Oxford University, 41

Pacelli, Eugenio,
see
Pius XII, Pope

Padua:

Allied bombing of, 104, 108–10

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel in, 5, 110

Ermitani Church, Ovetari Chapel in, 109–10, 322

Palazzo Carpegna, 114

Palermo, 46, 59, 60, 65

Palestrina, Giovanni, 132

Paolucci, Antonio, 334

Paris, 71, 72, 78–79

Jeu de Paume Museum in, 74

Louvre Museum in, 113, 145

Paris Peace Conference of 1919, 241

Parma, xx, 209, 282

Parri, Ferruccio, 238–39, 242

Parrilli, Baron Luigi, 237, 239, 245

Pascale, D., 61

Paul VI, Pope, 13
n

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 26, 42

Peebles, Bernard, 61, 138
n

Pennoyer, Sheldon, 193, 194, 225

Pennsylvania, University of, 333

Perugino, Pietro, 2

Pesaro Museum, 114

Petacci, Clara, 269

Pfeiffer, Pankratius, 120–21, 381

Picasso, Pablo, 72

Pietà
(Bellini), 145

Pietro, Don, 133, 186

Pinsent, Cecil, xiii, 192

Pisa, 104, 124, 140, 177–85, 190, 204

Baptistery in, 178, 180

Camposanto in, 178, 180–85, 201–3, 205, 284–85, 293, 298, 322, 335, 337, 338, 339, 394

damage in, 179–85, 201–5

Duomo in, 178, 180, 183–84

Leaning Tower of, 5, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 203,
204

Ponte Solferino in, 180

Pisano, Andrea, 118

Pisano, Nicola, 180

Pistoia, xx, 118, 145

Pius IX, Pope, 13

Pius XI, Pope, 10

Pius XII, Pope, 13–15,
15,
18–19, 33, 48, 49, 115, 136, 139, 157, 179, 207, 211, 239

Hitler’s threats against, 21–22, 89

Nazi discussions with, 120–21, 229, 237

Poggi, Giovanni, xx, 118, 141, 144–52, 155, 156, 157, 159, 161, l63, 171, 175, 191, 192, 198, 205–6, 223, 267, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 326–27, 331

Poggio a Caiano, Villa Reale at, 147, 175, 195–97, 223, 348, 349

Pohl, Max, 278

Poland, 219, 309

Polish and British Commonwealth Cemetery, 321–22

Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 301, 325

Pompeii, 5

Allied bombing of, 61–62, 86

Antiquarium of, 62, 84

Ponte alla Carraia, 161, 187

Ponte alla Vittoria, 162
n,
187

Ponte Santa Trinita, 75,
107,
150, 154, 159, 161–63, 192

destruction of, 163, 187, 188,
188

rebuilding of, 322

Ponte Solferino, 180

Ponte Vecchio, xiv, 5, 105,
107,
150, 154, 159, 161, 192, 322

Vasari Corridor on, 75, 76, 155, 174, 187

Pontine Marshes, 81, 132, 186

Pontormo, Jacopo da, 28, 78, 147, 169

Pope, John Russell, 25

Poppi, 147, 197–98

Poppiano, 147, 168–69, 311

Po River, 169–70, 300

Porta del Paradiso
(Ghiberti), 118

Portinari Altarpiece
(van der Goes), 147

Portrait
(Bronzino), 169

Portrait of a Girl
(Rotari),
349

Portrait of an Old Man
(Rembrandt), 199

Portrait of an Unknown Young Man
(Botticelli),
347

Portrait of a Young Man
(Memling), 147,
348

Portrait of Philip VI
(Velasquez), 199

Portugal, 47, 193

Potsdam, 227

Primavera
(Botticelli), 167, 168

Princeton University, xxi, 24, 29, 136, 137, 241

Art and Archeology Department of, 97

Art Museum of, 331

Procacci, Ugo, 162, 173–74, 331

Pyle, Ernie, 127

Radio Algiers, 47

Radio Rome, 50

Rahn, Rudolf, 47, 48, 155–57, 158, 159–61, 243, 253, 272–73, 279, 366, 388–89

Raphael, 37, 75, 116, 141, 147, 153, 168, 199, 244,
347

Rastenburg, 17, 48, 159

Rauff, Walter, 316

Rauschenberg, Robert, 336

Ravenna, 104

Reber, Samuel, 43

Red Cross, 96

Regia Aeronautica, 37

Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 235

Reidemeister, Leopold, 194–96, 212–13, 287

Rembrandt van Rijn, 116, 199, 244