Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation's Treasures from the Nazis (55 page)

German retreat from, 159–63, 180, 187

Le Murate prison in, 221

map of,
188

missing art from, 150–52, 169–172, 194–95, 212–13, 230–32, 236, 247–50, 256–58, 264–67, 287–90

“open” city negotiations for, 155–57, 159–61, 385

Palazzo Vecchio in, 155, 166

Piazza della Signoria in, 221–24, 299, 303, 305

Piazzale Michelangelo in, 118

Piazza San Marco in, 149

Pitti Palace in, 75, 119, 145, 147–50, 154, 155, 162, 165, 167, 168, 170, 303, 306, 325

Poggio Imperiale in, 161, 173

return of artworks to, 223–24, 247, 293, 298–301, 302–5

San Giovanni Baptistry in, 118–19, 154

San Miniato al Monte Church in, 118, 185, 334, 339

Santa Maria del Fiore Church (Duomo) in, 5, 75, 153–54, 155

Santa Maria Novella Basilica in, 106–7, 108

Santa Maria Novella train station in, 106,
107,
108, 156, 339

saving art treasures of, 6, 118–19, 146–49, 155–63, 165–75, 205–6, 301

Torre di Bellosguardo hotel in, xiii

Uffizi Gallery in, 71, 75, 76, 145, 147–50, 155, 165, 167, 168, 170, 192, 194–95, 264, 303, 311, 321, 325

Villa dell’Ombrellino in, xiii, 154

Villa I Tatti in, 157, 192, 329, 334

Villa Torrigiani in, 173

Villa Triste in, 158

war damage in, 187–92,
188,
201

Florentino, Rosso, 147

Floris, Frans, 289

Fogagnolo, Enea, 338

Fontanelli, Paolo, 338

Forlati, Ferdinando, 256, 286–87

Formia, 131–32

Fort Myer, 51

Fossanova, Abbey of, 132–33, 186

Four Seasons
(Ponte Santa Trinita, Florence), 322

France, 35, 70, 72, 97, 117

Allied landing in, 177

Normandy, 136, 340

Francesco I, Duke of Tuscany, 154–55

Franco, Francisco, 10

Frankfurt am Main, 19, 250

Freyberg, Bernard, 99

Friedrich Wilhelm University, 70

Fry, James C., 292

Fuchs, Colonel, 157, 159

Führermuseum (Gemäldegalerie Linz), 71, 72, 73, 116, 213, 255

Fuller, J. F. C., 318

Gaddi, Taddeo, 2

Gaeta, 128–31

San Martino Monastery in, 131, 185

Gaevernitz, Gero von, 237, 239, 242, 245–46, 265, 287–88, 406

Gambacorta, Giovanni, 178

Gardner, Paul, xxi, 62–64

Gellhorn, Martha, 189–90

General Direction of the Arts, 90, 113, 146

Genoa, 13, 281

Allied bombing of, 32, 33, 35, 38

German Armed Forces (
Wehrmacht
), 9–10, 18, 21, 46–48, 71, 119, 149, 171, 209–10, 226, 237, 244–45, 270, 325

Allied prisoners of, 243, 287
n

Alpine Redoubt plan of, 235–36, 274, 282

Army High Command (OKH) of, 150

14th Panzer Corps of, 209

High Command (
Oberkommando
; OKW) of, 11, 18, 118, 135, 158, 160, 195, 197

Sixth Army of, 24

surrender of, 24, 121

3rd Panzergrenadier Div. of, 18

V-weapons of, 247

see also
Luftwaffe

German Army, 9–10, 21, 89, 103, 114, 118, 129–30, 141, 156, 257, 261

1st Para Corps of, 161

Fourteenth Army of, 161–62, 242

Tenth Army of, 242, 246

Germanic tribes, 20

German military intelligence (
Abwehr
), 21

German Military Government, 151, 170

Germany, Imperial:

army of, 19, 117

protection of European art treasures by, 69–70

Germany, Nazi, xx, xxv, 5, 9–12, 17–20, 119, 219, 233, 242, 259

Allied bombing of, 17, 34–35, 116–18

bombing of Great Britain by, 14, 34, 247
n

“degenerate” art condemned in, 42, 71–72

Foreign Service of, 156

looting and destruction of European art by, 69, 71–79, 84–90, 130, 139–40, 150–52, 167–72, 194–99, 206, 226–27, 230–32, 248, 255–58, 301–2, 309–13, 315, 325–26, 329, 347–49

military aggression of, 10, 14, 24, 31, 34,
52,
70–71, 116, 226

persecution and murder of Jews by, 14, 20–21, 119, 316
n

propaganda of, 33, 50,
52,
64, 71–72, 90, 117, 121, 135

racial policies of, 10, 71, 357

sanctions against, 10

surrender of, 120–21, 270–79, 281, 285, 288, 290–91

swastika symbol of, 74

Vatican treaty with, 18

war preparations of, 11

Gestapo (German Secret Police), 192–93, 251, 274

Ghent Altarpiece
, 309

Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 118, 150, 154

Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 2, 106, 145, 168, 245

Giambologna, 223

Giesler, Hermann, 71

Ginevra de’Benci
(Leonardo), 331

Giorgione, 114, 115

Giotto, 110, 147, 153, 167, 215

Goebbels, Joseph, 19, 236, 258

Goes, Hugo van der, 147

Gold Plated Silver Tray, 349

Gordon Craig Theatrical Archives, 195

Göring, Carin, 255

Göring, Hermann, 71, 76, 84, 86, 90, 282

art collection of, 73–74, 77, 140, 192, 198, 226–27, 255, 310, 315

Gothic art, 106, 181

Gozzoli, Benozzo, 205, 338

Great Britain, 17, 208, 239
n

efforts to protect cultural treasures by, 56

Nazi bombing of, 14, 34, 247
n

Greece, xiv, 153

Grützner, Eduard von, 72

Gulf of Naples, 63

Gustav Line, 81, 97–99

Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, 89

Hamburg, Allied bombing of, 17, 34–35

Hammond, Mason, xxi, 41–42, 43–46, 59–61, 68, 93, 96–97, 127, 136, 138
n,
328–29, 331, 340

Hancock, Walker, 25, 138
n

Harris, Arthur, 33–35, 36

Harster, Wilhelm, 252, 316

Hartt, Fred, xix, 6, 27–30, 91, 223–26, 331–35, 340

art work of, 28

death of, 334

early life and education of, 28–29

homosexuality of, 29, 332–33

monuments mission of, 108–11, 123, 137, 141, 145, 165–66, 168–69, 173–75, 177, 187–99,
188,
204–6, 223, 224–26, 247–49, 256, 267, 282–83, 288–90, 292–93, 295, 298, 301, 303, 325–26

relationship of Keller and, 205, 224–26, 249, 282, 290, 299–300, 305, 338–39

Hartt, Helen Harrington, 28

Hartt, Jessie Clark Knight, 28

Hartt, Margaret DeWitt Veeder “Peggy,” 29, 333, 334

Hartt, Rollin, 28, 29

Harvard University, xxi, 41–42, 54, 70
n,
330

Fogg Museum of, 40

Graduate School of, 55, 62–63

Museum Studies course in, 43, 62

School of Design of, 55

Villa I Tatti facility of, 329, 334

Harvey, L. F., 100

Head of Medusa
(Caravaggio), 199

Heidelberg University, 156

Herculaneum, 84

Hess, Rudolf, 239

Hesse, Grand Duke of, 20

Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich, 230, 248, 322

Hilldring, John, 127

Himmler, Heinrich, xix, xx, 19, 20–21, 49, 89, 117–18, 170, 171, 198, 232, 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 263, 282, 313

Wolff and, 251–54, 259–61, 263, 310, 312, 314, 317

History of Italian Renaissance Art, The
(Hartt), 333–34

Hitler, Adolf, xix, 34, 47, 48–50, 71–74, 81
n,
87–89, 135, 155–57, 170, 187, 226, 229–36, 252, 260–61, 309

alliance of Mussolini and, 9–12, 16, 17–18, 19, 21, 74–75, 76–78, 96, 115

art aspirations and collection of, 71, 72–77, 116–17, 150, 195, 232, 310

Aryan supremacy theory of, 10

attempted assassination of, 159, 160, 242, 287
n

consolidation of power by, 10–11, 241

death of, 277, 279

German threats against, 21

inner circle of, xix, 17–21, 234

massacre of Jews by, 14, 20–21, 119

military service of, 88

scorched-earth policy of, 234, 236

secret weapons threat of, 233

threats against Pius XII by, 19, 21–22, 87, 89

Hofer, Franz, 171–72, 194, 195, 230–31, 235–36, 245, 249–50, 263–64, 271–74, 313, 317

Hoffmann, Colonel, 149, 150, 152

Holmgreen, Lieutenant Colonel, 301, 303, 305

Holocaust, 314, 316
n,
317

Holy Family, The
(del Sarto), 75

Holy Family, The
(Raphael), 321

Holy Family, The
(Rubens), 199

Holy Roman Empire, 172

Holy See, 14, 32, 83, 156–58, 179, 196, 198, 207

Hradecky, Vaceslav “Little Wally,” 260
n

Hull, Cordell, 40

Hume, Edgar, 129, 202, 204, 220, 223, 225, 303–4, 305–6, 335

Hummel, Helmut von, 212–13

Husmann, Max, 239, 264, 288

India, 55, 241

Inferno
(Dante), 110

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 199

International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, 314–16

Iowa, University of, 42

Iran, 117

Iraq, 117

Ischia, 63

Isola Bella, 171

Israel, 316

Italian Army, 9, 11, 18, 24, 84, 235, 242

Italian Committee of National Liberation, 119

Italian Fascist Party, 9, 10, 16, 18, 33, 36, 37, 48, 49, 64, 77, 130, 157, 203, 269, 296
n

Italian High Command, 11

Italian language, 25, 27, 32, 42, 136, 142

Italian Military Police (Carabinieri), 16–17, 64, 129

Cultural Heritage Division of, 326, 421

Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 77

Italian Red Cross, 265

Italian Resistance (partisans), xx, 119, 209–11, 238, 243, 248, 257, 263, 265, 269, 272, 285

Seconda Julia brigade of, 209

Italian Touring Club Guide for Italy,
44

Italy, 10, 18, 29–30, 71, 74, 76, 77, 78, 135, 158, 309–10

Allied bombing and invasion of, xx, xxi, 1–4, 5, 9, 11–15,
15,
30–40, 46, 47, 61–63, 86, 103–11, 113, 114–15, 123–24, 130, 146–47, 201, 322, 339

Allied liberation of, xiii, 46, 81–82, 124–25, 130–31, 142, 266

Alto Adige region of, 119, 170, 172, 194–95, 206, 230, 231, 235, 236, 256–57, 264–66, 271, 272, 285, 299, 303, 312, 325–27, 331

capitulation to Allies by, xix, 17, 47, 77, 84

Dalmatian coast of, 62

declaration of war against Britain and France by, 35

declaration of war against U.S. by, 22

Ferragosto (national holiday) in, 1, 29, 193

German occupation of, 147, 172, 192

Gothic Line in, 177–78, 190, 209

labor shortages and unemployment in, 11

Lombardy region of, 114, 230, 282

maps of,
8, 92, 218

Marche region of, 113–14

Political Office of Investigation of, 158

poverty and food riots in, 11, 59, 129

saving art treasures of, xiii–xv, 5–6, 39–40, 59–68, 113–16, 117–19, 146–48, 293, 335, 339

Social Republic of, xix, 19, 48, 88, 148, 172, 212, 242, 311

Tuscany region of,
see
Tuscany

unification of, 88

Itri, 131, 185

Jackson, Robert, 315

Jacobi, Siegfried, 83, 85–87

Japan, 291

Pearl Harbor attack of, 26, 42

surrender of, 299, 318

Jerusalem, 110, 316

Jesus Christ, 2–3, 181

Jews, 50, 192, 243, 256, 296, 317

German looting of, 72

German massacre of, 14, 20–21, 119, 316
n,
317

Jodl, Alfred, 18, 74, 158

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 262, 263, 265, 272

Judas, 2, 3, 110

Kahn, Louis, 25

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 172, 232, 234–36, 242–44, 249, 251–52, 260–61, 271, 274, 282, 314–15

Kansas City, Mo., xxi, 62

Kappler, Herbert, 48
n

Keitel, Wilhelm, 18

Kelleher, Patrick, 138
n

Keller, Albert Galloway, 24, 27, 51–53, 56–57, 185, 266

Keller, Caroline, 24, 27, 53, 56–57

Keller, Deane,
vi,
xiv, xix, xxii, xxv, 6, 23–27, 60, 220–26, 329, 335–40

Army training of, 51–54, 56–57

drawings and paintings of, 23–25, 51, 57, 123–24, 125,
126,
128,
204,
221, 222, 225–26,
291, 304,
337

early life and education of, 24–25, 96, 128

execution witnessed by, 221–22

honor and recognition of, 223, 304–6, 335, 336

illness and death of, 337–38

monuments mission of, 93–97, 123–33, 141–44, 169, 174, 177, 179–82, 185–86, 190, 194, 201–5, 214–15, 223–26, 247, 266, 281–85, 290–93, 295, 298–307, 321, 326–27, 340

physical appearance and stature of, 23–24

relationship of Hartt and, 205, 224–26, 249, 282, 290, 300, 305, 338–39

Rome Prize fellowship of, 25, 138
n

teaching career of, xix, 23–24, 25–26, 57, 94, 220, 336–37

Keller, Deane Galloway “Dino,” xix, 6, 26, 51, 53, 57, 96,
126,
126, 131, 142,
304,
335, 337–38

Keller, Dorothy, 338

Keller, Katherine Parkhurst Hall “Kathy,” xix, 6, 25–26, 53, 335–38

correspondence of Deane Keller and, 51, 57, 94, 95–96, 124, 127, 131, 141–42, 144, 202, 203, 214–15, 220, 221, 224, 283, 285, 293, 299, 301, 303–5

Keller, William “Bill,” 337–38

Kelly, Richard, 286

Kennedy, John F., 318

Kennedy, Robert F., 325

Kesselring, Albert:

arrest and conviction of, 317–18

as Commander-in-Chief South, 9, 18, 21, 47, 78, 81, 87, 89–90, 97, 103, 118–19, 135, 142, 144, 158–62, 177, 196, 198, 209–10, 219, 229, 234–35, 237, 242–43, 259, 271–79

as Commander-in-Chief West, 243, 245–46, 250–51, 253, 255, 271–79

Keyes, Geoffrey, 99

Kim, Young Oak, 97–99

Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig, 72

Kislenko, Major General, 270

Knapple, Lola Scarpitta, xv

Kokoschka, Oskar, 72

Kriegbaum, Friedrich, 75, 105
n,
155, 163, 187, 192

Kunstschutz (German art protection unit), xx, 70, 71, 77–79, 87, 90, 115, 117–18, 148, 150, 152, 170, 175, 194, 196, 198, 230–31, 245, 249, 257, 265, 286, 287, 289,
291,
310, 313, 314, 322