Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation's Treasures from the Nazis (54 page)

ARTICLES

“Art: War Casualty.”
Time
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Baldoli, Claudia, and Marco Fincardi. “Italian Society Under Anglo-American Bombs: Propaganda, Experience, and Legend, 1940–1945.”
The Historical Journal
(December 1, 2009): 1017–38.

Becattini, Massimo. “Siviero 007. Inchiesta su arte e nazismo. Il cacciatore di opere d’arte.”
Archeologia Viva
(1998): 38–51.

Becker, Maximilian. “Memoriale Becker sullo Sgombero di Montecassino,” Dublin, 18 February 1964, In
Il Bombardamento di Montecassino—Diario di Guerra
. Montecassino: Pubblicazioni Cassinesi, 1907: 235–78.

Caretto, Ennio. “Montini, una scelta americana per l’Italia.”
Corriere della Sera
, August 26, 2003.

Cecchi, Roberto. “Distruzioni Belliche e opera di ricostruzione (1945–1960),” in
Storia di Milano: Il Novecento
. Milan: Fondazione Treccani degli Alfieri per la Storia di Milano, 1966.

Corriere della Sera
. “La funzione terroristica dei bombardamenti anglo-americani.” August 18, 1943.

———. “Il pontefice si inginocchia sulle macerie di San Lorenzo.” July 21–22, 1943.

———. “Continuano i bombardamenti terroristici: il Duomo di Milano colpito.” August 17, 1943.

———. “I danni alle Grazie, si spera di salvare il Cenacolo.” August 18, 1943.

Esterow, Milton. “Europe is Still Hunting its Plundered Art.”
New York Times
, November 16, 1964.

Fasola, Cesare. “Perchè non abbiamo impedito l’esodo delle opere d’arte fiorentine?”
Il Ponte
, May (1945): 141–46.

Ferraro, Pietro. “La resistenza veneta in difesa delle opere d’arte.”
Il Ponte
, September (1954): 127–32.

Gazzetta di Parma.
“Don Tito promotore della lotta di liberazione.” May 14, 1945.

———. “Si ricorda Don Anelli a otto anni dalla morte.” March 9, 1978.

———. “Don Anelli, prete volante un ardimentoso partigiano.” May 7, 1990.

———. “Il prete partigiano è ritornato a casa.” May 13, 1990.

Giliotti, Sergio. “Don Guido Anelli, il prete volante e le azioni della 2° Julia,” in
Il contributo dei Cattolici alla lotta di Liberazione in Emilia-Romagna
, Atti del 2° convegno di Studi tenuto nei giorni 1, 2, 3 Maggio 1964, Parma-Salsomaggiore (1966): 281–88.

Hammond, Mason. “The War and Art Treasures in Germany.”
College Art Journal
(March 1946), 205–18.

———. “Remembrance of Things Past: The Protection and Preservation of Monuments, Works of Art, Libraries, and Archives during and after World War II,”
An Offprint from the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
, vol. 92, 1980.

Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich. “In Memoriam—Friedrich Kriegbaum.”
Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz, Siebzehnter Band, Heft II
, August 1953. Düsseldorf: Verlag L. Schwann.

Kenney, Elise. “From the Archives: Theodore Sizer, 1892–1967: ‘A Teacher, an author, and a craftsman of infinite perfection.’ ”
Yale Art Gallery
Bulletin
(2006): 155–60.

Kirby, John L. “The Archives of Angevin Naples—A Reconstruction.”
Journal of the Society of Archivists
, vol. 3, no. 4 (1996): 191.

Klinkhammer, Lutz. “Die Abteilung ‘Kunstschutz’ der deutschen Militärverwaltung in Italien 1943–1945.”
Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken
. Vol. 72. Rome: Deutsches Historisches Institut, 1992.

———. “Arte in Guerra,” in Giuseppe Masetti and Antonio Panaino, eds.,
Parola d’ordine Teodora.
Ravenna: Longo Angelo, 2005, 61–76.

Klöckner, Jürgen. “Verhinderter Archivalienraub in Italien, Theodor Mayer und die Abteilung ‘Archivschutz’ bei der Militärverwaltung in Verona 1943–1945.”
Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken
. Vol. 86. Rome: Deutsches Historisches Institut, 2006.

Krautheimer, Richard, and Kurt Weitzmann. “Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Mediaeval Academy of America: Ernest DeWald,”
Speculum
, vol. 44, no. 3 (July 1969): 526–27.

Kriegbaum, Friedrich. “Michelangiolo e il Ponte a S. Trinita,”
Rivista d’arte
, 23 (1941): 137–44.

La Nazione
. “Firenze nuovamente colpita dai bombardamenti dell’aviazione nemica.” March 24, 1944.

———. “Un’altra feroce incursione.” March 11, 1944.

Latour, C. F. “Germany, Italy and South Tyrol, 1938–45.”
The Historical Journal
, vol. 8, no. 1 (1965): 95–111.

Lavagnino, Emilio. “Diario di un salvataggio artistico.”
La Nuova Antologia
, August (1974): 509–47.

———. “Migliaia di opere d’arte rifugiate in Vaticano.”
Strenna dei romanisti
VII (1946): 82–88.

Lingen, Kerstin von. “Conspiracy of Silence.”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
22, no. 1 (Spring 2008). http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org, accessed August 19, 2010.

Lippini, Fra Pietro, OP, “Furono i Domenicani a salvarlo dopo il bombardamento dell’agosto 1943,” in
L’Ultima Cena di Leonardo da Vinci: Una lettura storica, artistica e spirituale del grande capolavoro.
Milan: Dominican Friars of the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, n.d.

L’Italia
. “Bombardamento senza precendenti. Chiese, ospedali, monumenti colpiti e danneggiati,” August 15, 1943.

L’Osservatore Romano
. “La Chiesa delle Grazie a Milano riapre al pubblico.” July 3, 1945.

———. “Il Santo padre tra i fedeli della Sua diocesi di Roma colpiti dall’incursione aerea.” July 19, 1943.

Matthews, Herbert L. “Old Florence Ravaged by Nazis; Much of Medieval City Destroyed.”
New York Times
, August 30, 1944.

———. “Tuscan Treasures Slowly Repaired.”
New York Times
, January 2, 1945.

McCartney, Benjamin C. “Return to Florence.”
National Geographic,
vol. 87, no. 3 (March 1945): 275.

McManus, John C. “The Last Great Prize.”
World War II Magazine
(May 2005): 51–56.

Monda, Lucia. “Napoli durante la II guerra mondiale ovvero: i 100 bombardamenti di Napoli,” in
Napoli durante la II guerra mondiale
. Essay for conference I.S.S.E.S Istituto di Studi Storici Economici e Sociali, March 5, 2005.

Morello, Giovanni. “Il ruolo della Santa Sede nell’azione di salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale e artistico italiano durante la Seconda guerra mondiale.”
Quaderni della Fondazione Bellonci
. November 4, 2006: 11–14.

New York Times
. “Text of Premier Mussolini’s Address to the Italian People on the War.” February 24, 1941.

———. “Unique Collection of Art Treasures Taken Away by Germans in Italy.” November 10, 1943.

———. “Theodore Sizer, Art Teacher and Heraldist, Dies.” June 22, 1967.

Norris, Christopher. “The Museo Filangieri.”
The Burlington Magazine
, vol. 84, no. 492 (March 1944): 72–76.

Nuovo Giornale
. “Selvagge distruzioni dell’aviazione nemica nella città di Firenze.” March 25–26, 1943.

———. “Firenze reagisce alla infame devastazione organizzando fraternamente l’opera di soccorso.” September 27, 1943.

———. “I pirati nemici bombardano nuovamente Firenze.” March 24, 1944.

Paoletti, Paolo. “Il console svizzero Charles Steinhäuslin,” in
Svizzeri a Firenze: Nella storia, nella cultura, nell’economia dal Cinquecento ad oggi
, ed. Giorgio Mollisi. Lugano: Ticino Management, 2010: 406–14.

Plaut, James S. “Loot for the Master Race.”
Atlantic Monthly
178, no. 3 (September 1946): 57–63.

———. “Hitler’s Capital.”
Atlantic Monthly
178, no. 4 (October 1946): 73–78.

Rinaldi, Simona. “L’Attività della Direzione Generale delle Arti nella Città Aperta di Roma.”
Rivista dell’Istituto Nazionale d’Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte
, no. 60 (2005): 95–126.

Rotondi, Pasquale. “Capolavori d’arte sottratti ai pericoli della guerra ed alla rapina tedesca. Estratto da una Relazione del Prof. Pasquale Rotondi Soprintendente alle Gallerie delle Marche, presentata il 18 ottobre 1945 alla R. Accademia Raffaello.”
Urbinum
(July–August 1945): 3–13.

Seymour, Charles. “Yale at War: An American University Accepts the Challenge.”
Life
, June 1942.

Signorini, Rodolfo. “Tumulate a S. Miniato le ceneri del grande studioso americano. Si prodigò per salvare le opere d’arte durante il secondo conflitto mondiale.”
La Gazzetta
, March 13, 1993.

Taylor, Francis Henry. “The Rape of Europa.”
Atlantic Monthly
175 (January 1945): 52.

Time
. “Italy: Benito’s Birthday.” August 6, 1923.

———. “Art: Bone and Muscle Man.” September 14, 1942.

Valli, Wanda. “Rotondi, l’eroe dell’arte: ‘Così mio padre sfidò Hitler,’ ”
La Repubblica
, July 1, 2005.

Vita Nuova.
“Nel X anniversario l’A.P.C. ricorda Don Guido Anelli.” March 10, 1979.

Wittgens, Fernanda. “Il restauro in corso del Cenacolo di Leonardo,” in
Atti del convegno di Studi Vinciani indetto dalla unione Regionale delle Province toscane e dalle Università di Firenze, Pisa e Siena 15–18 gennaio 1953.
Florence: Leo Olschki, 1953.

Wolff, Karl. “Ecco la verità.”
Tempo
, February–March 1951.

Zarmati, Louise. “Amedeo Maiuri: In Search of the ‘Dark Side,’ ”
Teaching History: Journal of the History Teachers’ Association of NSW
, vol. 40, December 2006.

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS

American Academy in Rome

Archivio della Soprintendenza per i beni Architettonici e per il Paesaggio per le province di Milano, Bergamo, Como, Lecco, Lodi, Pavia, Sondrio e Varese, Milan

Archivio Catalogo Beni Storico-Artistici, Florence

Giovanni Poggi Archive

Archivio di Stato, Padua

Carlo Anti Papers

Archivio Storico, Florence

Archivio Storico Diocesano, Florence

Elia Dalla Costa Papers

British School at Rome, Rome

John Bryan Ward-Perkins Papers

Bundesarchiv, Berlin

Karl Wolff and Alexander Langsdorff Papers

Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, UK

Civico Archivio Fotografico, Milan

Cornell Law Library, Ithaca, New York

Donovan Nuremberg Trial Collection

Deutsches Historisches Institut, Rome

Gerhard Wolf and Carlo Steinhäuslin Papers

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kansas

Bedell Smith Papers

C. D. Jackson Papers

Eisenhower Pre-Presidential Papers

Lauris Norstad Papers

Harvard University Archives, Pusey Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Paul J. Sachs and Mason Hammond Papers

Imperial War Museum, London

Kunsthistorisches Institut der Universität Bonn

Paul Clemen Papers

Kunsthistorisches Institut, Florence

Friedrich Kriegbaum Papers

Ministero degli Esteri, Archive of the ex-Delegation for Restitution, Siviero Archive, Rome

Anti Catalogue File

Deutscher Militärischer Kunstschutz Documents

Museo Casa Rodolfo Siviero, Florence

National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

Gallery Central Files

Frederick Hartt Papers

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC

M1035

M1782

M1944

Record Group 190

Record Group 226

Record Group 238

Record Group 239

Record Group 331

Record Group 342

Record Group 407

Record Group 549

Personnel File Department

National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey

Princeton University Archives, Princeton, New Jersey

Ernest DeWald Papers

Sheldon Pennoyer Papers

Smithsonian Archives of American Art, Washington, DC

W. G. Constable Papers

Villa I Tatti, Florence

Bernard and Mary Berenson Papers

Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, New Haven, Connecticut

Deane Keller Papers

Theodore Sizer Papers

Yale During World War II

PRIVATE COLLECTIONS

Charles Bernholz Papers, Washington, DC

Perry Cott Papers, Oregon

Mason Hammond Papers, London

Alexander Langsdorff Papers, Switzerland

Private Collection, Italy

Salvatore Scarpitta Papers, California

Roy Seymour Papers

AUTHOR INTERVIEWS AND CONVERSATIONS

Luigina Anelli

Mario Becattini

Giuseppe Bentivoglio

Pietro Bonardi

Alessandro and Kathy Cagiati

Anthony Cagiati

Dr. Bruce Cole

Jill Croft-Murray

Carlo D’Este

Leonard Fisher

Mario Lolli Ghetti

Sergio Giliotti

Walter Gleason

Diego Guidi

Margaret Hildson

Dorothy Keller

William Keller

Elizabeth Hammond Llewellyn

Eugene David Markowski

Don Miller

Alessandro Olschki

Martin Quigley

Salvatore Scarpitta

Ing. Horst Schober

Padre Agostino Selva and other Dominican Friars at Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Attilio Tori

INTERVIEWS COURTESY OF ACTUAL FILMS

William Keller

Young Oak Kim

INDEX

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.

Page numbers beginning with 353 refer to endnotes.

Acerbi, Padre, 1–4, 284–85

Adam and Eve
(Floris), 289

Adam
and
Eve
(Cranach the Elder), 76, 150, 151–52, 170–71, 194–95, 199, 289, 310, 321

Adoration of the Magi
(Ghirlandaio), 168

Adoration of the Magi
(Leonardo), 76, 199

Adoration of the Magi
(Mantegna), 199

Adoration of the Magi
(Monaco), 289

Adriatic Sea, 114, 281

Agnelli, Gianni, 37

Airey, Terence, 246, 253, 314

Air Force, U.S., Eighth, 33, 99

Alexander, Harold, 82, 97, 99, 100–101, 160, 169, 246, 263, 270, 276–77, 318

Algiers, 43, 53–57, 208

Allied Armed Forces, xxv, 7, 31–40, 47, 59–68

Algiers Headquarters of, 43, 53, 55, 66

bombing of Germany and Italy by, 1–4, 5, 12–15,
15,
17, 26, 30–40, 63, 94–95, 99–101, 103–11, 113

casualties of, 97–98, 101, 103–4, 132

Expeditionary Force of, 68

Fifteenth Army Group of, 99

invasion of Western Europe by, 24, 46, 68, 96–97, 99, 136, 339

liberation of Italy by, xiii, 31–32, 81–82, 130–31, 142

morale of, 236

New Zealand Corps of, 99

Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB) of, 31–32, 33

unconditional surrender policy of, 237–38

victorious momentum of, 219–20, 232–33, 259

see also specific military units

Allied Control Commission (ACC), 60–61

Allied Military Government (AMG), 66–67, 125–32, 166, 174–75, 179, 185, 220–21, 223, 224, 290, 305

Civil Affairs Section of, 43, 44, 61, 65, 125, 127, 128, 142, 202, 205

Civil Affairs Training school of, 54, 55–56, 96

propaganda of,
52

Altaussee salt mines, 116–17, 195, 232, 255–56, 301–2, 310, 312, 314, 321

Ambrosio, Vittorio, 11–12

Amè, Cesare, 21–22

American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas,
see
Roberts Commission

Ammannati, Bartolomeo, 75

Amsterdam, 71

Rijksmuseum in, 113

Andrea del Castagno, 2

Anelli, Guido, xx, 207, 209–12, 248, 258, 265, 286
n,
327–28

Angelico, Fra, 154

Annunciation
(del Sarto), 168

Annunciation
(Lippi), 140

Anti, Carlo, 148, 150, 151, 172, 212, 230–31, 248–50, 256–57, 311–12

Anzio, Battle of, 103, 105, 106, 119, 123, 125, 132, 139, 322

Apennine Mountains, 178, 190

Appian Way, 81

Ardeatine Caves massacre, 119, 317

Argentina, 316

Ariosto, Ludovico, 110

Army, U.S., xxi, 27, 43–44, 62, 93, 96, 291, 295, 328, 332–340

Fifth Army of, xix, 61, 97, 98–99, 103, 125–28,
126,
132, 136, 141, 143, 177, 185, 190, 201–2, 209, 219–21, 236, 237, 247, 257, 266, 281–82, 291, 293, 306, 335

General Staff of, 40

Ninth Army of, 259

Army, U.S. (
continued
)

Northwest African Strategic Airforce (NASAF) of, 12–15

100th Infantry Battalion of, 97–98

School of Military Government of, 27, 51, 53–56

Seventh Army of, 282

Signal Corps of, 105

Army Air Command, U.S., 61–62

Army Air Force, U.S., xxi, 42, 54

Fifteenth Air Force of, 104, 108

Intelligence Branch of, 42

Twelfth Air Force of, 104

Arnolfo di Cambio, 215

Arno River, 75, 76,
107,
153, 154, 159, 162–63, 173, 174, 177–80, 188–89, 191, 209, 303, 322, 333

Art Students League of New York, 25

Assisi, 104

Astronomer, The
(Vermeer), 309

Athens, 153

Austria, 116–17, 194, 195, 206, 233, 235, 271, 282, 295, 314, 330, 331–32

Austrian Empire, 172

Ave Maria
(Schubert), 133, 186

Bacchus
(Caravaggio), 289

Bacchus
(Michelangelo), 147, 290

Bad Nauheim, 250, 318

Badoglio, Pietro, 16–17, 18, 32, 36, 47–49, 63, 147, 366

Bandello, Matteo, 2

Baptistery Doors
(
Porta del Paradiso
; Ghiberti), 150, 154

Baracchini, Clara, 322

Barcilon, Pinin Brambilla, 324

Basket of Fruit
(Caravaggio), 37

Battle of San Romano
(Uccello), 167

Bay of Pigs invasion, 318

BBC Radio, 55, 165, 169, 281

Becherucci, Luisa, 325

Becker, Maximilian, 82–87, 89–90, 100, 139

Beer Hall Putsch, 117

Belgium, 69–70, 97, 213–14, 305

Ardennes Forest in, 213, 219, 233, 250

Bellini, Giovanni, 84, 110, 114, 145

Bellotto, Bernardo,
348

Benedict, Saint, 82

Benedictine Monks, 82–87

Berchtesgaden, 10, 73, 236

Berenson, Bernard, 157, 162, 192–94, 209, 247, 329, 332, 333

Berlin, 42, 63, 83, 97, 117, 196, 202, 232, 233, 234, 236, 243, 251, 252, 258, 259, 261, 329

Allied bombing of, 259

Kaiser-Friedrich Museum in, 70

looted Italian art sent to, 90

Reichschancellery in, 73, 227, 258, 277

State History Museum of, xx, 117

Bernadotte, Folke, Count of Wisborg, 263

Bernholz, Charley,
vi,
220–22, 223, 281–82, 292, 299, 303, 335, 337

Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 48, 77

Bezzola, Mario, 297

Biddle, George, 25

Birch Wathen School, 28

Birth of Venus
(Botticelli), 76, 199

“Black Raven gas chambers,” 316
n

Blind Leading the Blind, The
(Bruegel, the Elder), 84, 139–40, 321

Blum, Paul, 237–38

Böcklin, Arnold, 72

Bode, Wilhelm von, 70

Bologna, 32, 38, 104, 105
n,
151, 266, 312

Bolshevism, 277

Bolzano, 194–95, 212, 258, 260
n,
265, 270, 273–75, 277–78, 286
n,
287, 289–93, 301, 302, 314

Palazzo Reale in, 264, 278, 292

Bormann, Martin, 116, 212, 227, 231, 234, 236

Borromean Islands, 230, 231, 312

Boston, Mass., 28, 61

Botticelli, Sandro, 76, 78, 84, 141, 145, 147, 153, 167, 168, 199, 289,
347

Boucher, Francois, 73

Bourbon-Parma Collection, 198, 313, 348

Bramante, 283

Brauchitsch, Bernd von, 86, 90

Brenner Pass, 116, 194, 195, 230, 233, 235, 253, 282

Britain and the Vatican during the Second World War
(Chadwick), 13
n

British Admiralty, xxi

British Air Ministry, 34

British Army, 103, 136, 220

Eighth Army of, xxii, 61, 124
n,
125, 128, 159, 165–69, 173, 177, 190, 209, 219, 236–37, 257, 282, 330

Royal Engineers of, 191

Voluntary Aid Detachment of, 136

British Royal Artillery, xxii

British War Office, xxi, 65

Bronzino, Agnolo, 169, 300, 325

Brooke, Humphrey, 137, 301–2

Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder, 84, 139–40, 321

Brueghel, Jan, the Elder, 73

Bruhns, Leo, 287

Brunelleschi, Filippo, 106, 153–54

Brussels, 69, 71

Bulge, Battle of, 213–14

casualties of, 219–20

Butcher, Harry, 224–25

Cagiati, Alessandro, xx, 193, 207–12, 248, 256–58, 285–86, 288, 328

Cain
(Cavallino), 140

Calabria, 18, 47

Calvary
(Dürer), 199

Canaris, Wilhelm, 21–22

capitalism, 236

Caprarola, Farnese Palace in, 186

Caravaggio, 37, 75, 84, 114, 138, 145, 199, 289

Carinhall, 226, 227, 255

Carità, Mario, 158

Carracci, 84

Casablanca conference of 1943, 121

Casa Buonarroti, 147

Cassino, 81, 115, 177

liberation of, 128, 129–30

Cassino, Battle of, 97–101, 103, 105, 106, 119, 123, 124, 129–30, 246

catacomb paintings, 2

Cavillino, 140

Cellini, Benvenuto, 322

censorship, 94

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xx, 193, 318

Chadwick, Owen, 13
n

Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon, 78

Charlemagne, 172

Charlwood, Don, 38

Chiasso, 229, 239, 265

Christian Democratic Party, 208, 210–11, 328

Christ on the Cross
(School of Bronzino), 325

Churchill, Winston, 5, 14, 31, 32–33, 34, 66, 67–68, 121, 220, 258, 263, 318, 410

Ciampino, 12–13

Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 77

Cimabue, 147

Clark, Mark, 98–99, 202, 208–9, 221, 286
n

Cleeve, Joos van, 140

Clemen, Paul, 70–71

Close, Chuck, 25

Colacicchi, Giovanni, 193

Columbia University, 29, 331

Committee for the Rescue of Italian Art, 331, 333

Communism, 207–8, 236, 278, 328

Como, 104

concentration camps, 19, 296
n

transport of Jews to, 20–21

Concert
(Titian), 199

Congress, U.S., xiv

Conti, Augusto, 149–50

Contini Bonacossi, Count, 198

Cooper, Douglas, 312–13, 326

Copland, Aaron, 25

Copy of Cor
r
eggio’s “Night”
(El Greco),
348

Correggio, 84

Corriere della Sera
(Milan), 39

Cosimo I de’Medici, Duke of Tuscany, 154, 181
n

statue of, 223–24

Cott, Perry B., xxi, 61, 123, 137–39, 141, 282, 296–98, 323, 330–31

Coventry, Nazi bombing of, 14

Cranach, Lucas, the Elder, 72, 73, 76, 150–52, 170–71, 194–95, 199, 289, 310, 312, 321

Credi, Lorenzo di, 300

Croft-Murray, Edward “Teddy,” xxi, 55–56, 57, 61, 266, 301–2, 330–31, 340

Crucifixion
(Signorelli), 289

Dachau, 260
n,
317

Dalla Costa, Cardinal Elia, 156–59, 196, 205–6, 267, 317–18

Danaë
(Titian), 84, 140, 321

Dante Alighieri, 110, 154

David
(Michelangelo),
vi,
146, 155, 186, 299

Defino, Nicholas, 61

de Gregorio, Giuseppe, 129

de Keyser, Thomas, 139–40

del Castagno, Andrea, 2

del Sarto, Andrea, 75, 78, 147, 168

democracy, 6, 153

Deposition from the Cross
(Pontormo), 147, 169

Depression, Great, 29, 208

De Rinaldis, Aldo, 138

Della Robbia, 147

Descent from the Cross
(Raphael), 168

Deutsche Bank, 19

DeWald, Ernest Theodore, xxi, 93, 97, 110, 123, 136–41, 169, 196–97, 205, 224, 248, 249, 298, 299–300, 312–13, 326, 331

Diamare, Gregorio, 83–85, 100

Discobolus of Myron,
77

Divine Comedy, The
(Dante), 154

Dollmann, Eugen, 120, 158, 237–39, 271–73, 276, 292, 316

Dominican friars, 1–4, 284–85

Donatello, 147, 153, 185, 196, 290, 304
n

Doni Madonna
(Michelangelo), 76, 199

Dönitz, Karl, 277

Donna Velata, La
(Raphael), 75, 199, 290

Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 207–8, 211, 217, 238, 328

Dossi, Dosso, 289

Duccio di Buoninsegna, 143–44, 186, 321, 337

Dulles, Allen, 318–19

background and professional life of, 241

as CIA director, 318

negotiations of Wolff and, 242–46, 249, 251–54, 259–65, 287–88, 313, 315–16, 318–19

OSS mission of, xx, 234–35, 237–39, 241–46, 249, 251–54, 259–65, 270–71, 273–74

Dürer, Albrecht, 72, 199

Eaker, Ira, 33, 99, 104

Eichmann, Adolf, 316–17

Eigruber, August, 117, 172, 255–56, 302

Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg
(ERR), 71–74, 232, 309

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 31–32, 47, 54, 65, 66–68, 224–25, 258

as Allied Expeditionary Force Supreme Commander, 68, 96–97, 213, 219, 236, 263, 285

presidency of, 318

protection of cultural treasures ordered by, 65–67, 69, 79, 93, 98–100, 339–40

Elbe River, 259, 263

El Greco, 84,
348

Ellis, Roger, 173

Enthoven, Rodrick E., 322

Etruscans, 153

Evers, Hans Gerhard, 313

Expressionism, 72

Eyck, Jan van, 78

Falke, Otto von, 70

Farnesi, Bruno, 182–86

Fascism, xx, xxv, 64, 119, 157

see also
Italian Fascist Party

Fascist Radio, 212

Fasola, Cesare, 167–68, 311

Fegelein, Hermann, 261

Feldhusen, Oberleutnant, 152

Ferraro, Pietro, 248–49, 256–57, 285–86, 324–25, 328

Fielden, Lionel, 55–56

Fiesole, 119, 153, 189

First Great German Art Exhibition, 71–72

Fisher, Leonard, 336

Flagellation of Christ
(Caravaggio), 84

Florence, xiii–xiv, 13, 74–77, 104, 117–19, 124, 140, 141, 153–63, 209, 220, 306, 331, 332, 333

Accademia in, 155

Allied bombing of, 32, 104–8, 105
n, 107,
156, 179, 303, 339

Allied liberation of, 172–75, 177, 187–95

Art History Institute in, 75, 77, 155, 322, 325

Bargello Museum in, 196, 303

Bellosguardo hill near, xiii, 76, 154

Boboli Gardens of, 154, 162, 174, 189

bridges of, xiv, 5, 75–76, 105,
107,
150, 154, 155, 159–63, 166, 173, 174, 187–89,
188,
192, 322

Campo di Marte marshaling yards of, 105–6, 105
n,
156, 303

Colombaria Society library in, 190–91

della Gherardesca Gardens in, 155

dei Semplici Gardens in, 155

German removal of art from, 144–46, 149–52, 167, 170–71, 194–99, 309, 310, 311–13, 325