Authors: James MacGregor Burns
Roosevelt (126 page)
Eden comment: Nicolson to Victoria Sackville-West, March 1, 1945, Nicolson, p. 439. Dulles-Wolff episode: Feis
3
, chap. 61; Allen Dulles,
The Secret Surrender
(Harper, 1966); Deborin, pp. 431-432. Churchill on advantage of separate military surrender: Churchill
6
, pp. 441, 444-445; see also Churchill to Eden, March 24, 1945, Churchill
6
, p. 442. View of Combined Chiefs of Staff: Feis
3
, pp. 584 ff. Roosevelt-Stalin exchange on
matter:
Correspondence
2
, pp. 198-213; see also Ulam, p. 381; Kolko, pp. 375-379; Deborin, pp. 431-432.
Asia: Never, Never, Never.
Iwo Jima: Kirby, pp. 235-240; Yu Te-jen, pp. 250-253; S. E. Morison,
Victory in the Pacific
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1962). Hurley’s trip to Washington and rumors in Chungking: Hurley testimony,
Military Situation in the Far East,
pp. 2883-2885. Draft agreement between Nationalists and Communists:
Military Situation in the Far East,
pp. 3669-3679. Summary of China’s dilemma: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Jan. 4, 1945, Feis
2
, pp. 219-220. Hurley’s disagreement with Foreign Service officers in China:
ibid.,
pp. 260-264;
United States Relations with China,
pp. 87-92; Hurley testimony, pp. 3255-3257. Hurley meetings with Roosevelt, March 1945: Hurley testimony, pp. 2883-2885, 2887, 2906; Feis
2
, pp. 265, 272; Hassett, pp. 321, 326; Tsou, p. 298. Postwar testimony on China must be treated with caution; but see Harriman testimony,
Military Situation in the Far East,
pp. 3335-3342. Battle of Okinawa: Roy E. Apple-man, James M. Burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens,
Okinawa: The Last Battle
(Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1948); Mori-son, cited above; Yu Te-jen, pp. 254-264. For its effect on military thinking, see Churchill
6
, pp. 626, 627-629. Stimson on giving Russians information: memorandum, Dec. 31, 1944, Stimson Papers. Later atomic-bomb developments: Stimson Diary, Feb. 13, Feb. 15, March 5, March 15, 1945; Moore, p. 362; Freedman, p. 726; Hewlett and Anderson, pp. 339-340, 342.
Wedemeyer’s meeting with Roosevelt: Wedemeyer, p. 340;
Military Situation in the Far East,
pp. 2293-2567. Policy toward Indochina: Hull, pp. 1596-1599; Eden, p. 378; Arthur H. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Bitter Heritage
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967) and works cited therein. Roosevelt to Stalin on Indochina:
Malta-Yalta,
p. 770. Roosevelt’s trusteeship idea:
PPA, 1944-45, pp. 562-563. Press conference discussion:
ibid.,
pp. 562-564. Churchill at Yalta on the Empire:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 844, 856, 858; Byrnes, p. x; Moran, pp. 244-245. Roosevelt’s position on trusteeship issue, March 1945: Hurley testimony,
Military Situation in the Far East,
pp. 2890-2891 (testimony of June 21, 1951). Declaration of Independence as exemplar: Shaplen, p. 29.
“The Work, My Friends, Is Peace.”
Legislative situation: Drury, p. 408 and
passim.
Guaranteed wage plans and Trade Agreements Act renewal: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 592-593, 595-600. Roosevelt on the good old times: Roosevelt to Morgan Hoyt, Feb. 28, 1945, PL, p. 1572. Roosevelt on ending of war in May: Perkins, p. 396. Roosevelt at the dinner of the White House Correspondents’ Association, March 22, 1945: Drury, pp. 388-390. Military situation in Europe: John Toland,
The Last 100 Days
(Random House, 1966).
Hassett to Bruenn on Roosevelt’s health, March 30, 1945: Hassett, pp. 327-328; Bruenn Ms. does not mention this incident. Churchill on deteriorating relations with Russia: Churchill
6
, p. 456. Roosevelt’s efforts to quiet the situation: Roosevelt to Stalin, (received April 13, 1945),
Correspondence
2
, p. 214; Roosevelt to Churchill, April 12, 1945, Churchill
6
, p. 454. Philippine independence: Sergio Osmeña to Roosevelt, March 31, 1945, Philippines Folder, 1-45, FDRL; PC 998, April 5, 1945;
PPA, 1944-45, pp. 607-610; see also Sayre Papers, Box 7, LC; Hassett, p. 330; Early to Stimson, April 11, 1945, White House Correspondence-Stimson, AR. Undelivered Jefferson Day speech: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 613-616; Hassett, p. 333; Rosenman, p. 551.
For the sake of continuity, some of the ideas and language used in the epilogue to the first volume of this biography have been used or expanded in this epilogue. Asbell, chaps. 1-3, has recounted Roosevelt’s death in detail and with sensitivity; see also Hassett, pp. 333-338; Reilly, pp. 229-234; Tully, pp. 361-366. Roosevelt-McDuffie exchange: Asbell, pp. 7-9. Churchill’s reaction to the news: Churchill
8
, p. 471; Stalin’s: Sulzberger, p. 253; Chiang Kai-shek’s: NYT, April 13, 1945, p. 10; Goebbels’s: Shirer, pp. 1440-1441. Other foreign reaction: Nicholas Halasz,
Roosevelt Through Foreign Eyes
(Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1961), pp. 308-319.
Freedom’s Once-Born.
Departure from Warm Springs: Walker, pp. 300-302; Asbell, chap. 12. Luce’s feeling about Roosevelt: John Kobler,
Luce: His Time, Life, and Fortune
(Doubleday, 1968), pp. 122-123. Acheson on Roosevelt’s condescensions: Dean Acheson,
Morning and Noon
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 165. Sholto-Douglas and Roosevelt: William Sholto-Douglas,
Years of Command
(London: Collins, 1966), pp. 230-231. Jones on Roosevelt: George Dixon, Washington
Times-Herald,
Feb. 1, 1945. Roosevelt and Buckingham Palace: John M. Carmody interview, OHP, 607.
“The Lonesome Train”: Millard Lampell, “The Lonesome Train,” a musical legend, Decca Records, 1949; Asbell, chap. 15. Concept of the “once-born”: William James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
(Longmans, Green, 1935), p. 199, as cited and interpreted in Erik H. Erik-son,
Young Man Luther
(Norton, 1962), pp. 41, 117. Roosevelt’s references to home and family in connection with policy matters are too numerous to be listed; some examples can be found in Range, p. 62; Churchill
6
, p. 216; PL, p. 1380. William White on the funeral in Washington: quoted in Asbell, p. 170. Funeral service in the White House: Biddle, p. 360; Lilienthal, p. 693. Eleanor Roosevelt’s confrontation of Anna: confidential source.
Democracy’s Aristocrat.
Clare Boothe Luce on Roosevelt’s cautiousness: Kobler, p. 121. Poll on choice of new Navy Secretary: Cox Diary, May 1, 1944, FDRL. “Meaning it”: Erikson,
Young Man Luther,
pp. 208-210. Hopkins on Roosevelt’s commitment: Sherwood, p. 266; see also White, pp. 75-76, 87-88. Roosevelt’s belief in the brotherly spirit of science: PPA, 1944-45, p. 615. Roosevelt on dreaming dreams: Roosevelt to Smuts, Nov. 24, 1942, PL, pp. 1371-1372. Roosevelt to MacLeish, June 9, 1943: PSF, MacLeish Folder. Niebuhr on love and life: Reinhold Niebuhr,
Christianity and Power Politics
(Scribner, 1940), chap, 1; see also Osgood, pp. 381-383.
New York City rumors:
PM,
April 13, 1945, p. 9. Reactions abroad
are from
Time,
April 23, 1945, p. 27;
Life,
April 23, 1945, pp. 30, 32; NYT, April 14, 1945, p. 14. Lincoln’s trip: Carl Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln: The War Years
(Harcourt, Brace, 1939), Vol. IV, chap. 76. Individuals’ views of Roosevelt: Maisky, pp. 286-287; Churchill
6
, Bk. 2, chap. 9; Arnold Papers, LC. Buchan: Janet Adam Smith,
John Buchan
(London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1965), p. 405. Sherwood: Sherwood, p. 882. Lyndon Johnson:
Life,
April 23, 1945, p. 32. Stimson: Stimson to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 16, 1945, Stimson Papers. See also William S. White, pp. 12-15. The final sentences in this section are from Burns, p. 477. See, generally, Allen.
Voyager’s Return.
Roosevelt on returning to Hyde Park: Roosevelt to Hannegan, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 197-198. Hyde Park burial service: Asbell, chap. 18; and contemporary accounts.
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Adak,
489
Admiralty Islands,
444
Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense (NDAC),
51
Aegean Sea,
407
AFL-CIO,
194
.
See also
CIO
Africa,
10
,
12
,
16
,
64
,
68
,
74
,
79
,
179
,
187
,
235
,
236
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239
,
302
,
310
,
311
,
317
,
325
,
368
,
371
,
372
,
377
,
383
,
480
,
493
,
527
,
546
,
552
; East Africa,
77
; North Africa,
15
,
69
,
74-75
,
76
,
80
,
86
,
88
,
143
,
153
,
179-180
,
186
,
191
,
229
,
234
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237
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247
,
283
,
285-298
,
305
,
308-309
,
312
,
313
,
317
,
319-323
,
327-330
,
342
,
349
,
377
,
381
,
392
,
396
,
548
,
578
; Northwest Africa,
180
,
236
,
313
,
326
; West Africa,
13
.
See also
Algiers;
GYMNAST;
Libya; Morocco;
TORCH;
Tunis
Agaña, Guam,
202
Agar, Herbert,
272
Agricultural lobby in Congress,
197
Agriculture, Department of,
23
,
62
,
143
Aid: to China,
20
,
79
,
81
,
82-83
,
98
,
110
,
145
,
153
,
156
,
186
,
242
,
317
,
323
,
374
,
376
,
378
,
415
,
422
,
445
,
541
,
544
,
549
,
589
,
590
; to Great Britain,
11-12
,
13
,
15
,
16
,
23
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24-25
,
28
,
33
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38
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115
,
133
,
134
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153
,
211
,
234
,
247
,
513
,
549
,
608
; to Russia,
103
,
111-112
,
114
,
115
,
127
,
151
,
152
,
153
,
211
,
232
,
233-234
,
237
,
247
,
248-249
,
310
,
319
,
398
,
411
; to Turkey,
414
Air Force, U.S.: air unit offered to Stalin,
313
; and the Atlantic war,
244
; Eighth Air Force,
446
; Fourteenth Air Force,
445
; Fifteenth Air Force,
446
; Twentieth Air Force (509th Composite Group),
558
Air power,
12
,
46
,
445-446
,
474
,
494
.
See also
Bombing
Air rights,
514
Alaska,
181
,
226
,
231
,
233
,
266
,
490
,
507
Alaska-Siberia airplane ferry route,
313
Aleutian Islands,
225
,
226
,
337
,
489
,
523
Alexander, Sir Harold,
319
,
327
,
329
,
478
,
586
Algiers,
173
,
285
,
286
,
288-298
,
314
,
320
,
371
,
389
,
481
,
482
,
579
Aliens, treatment of, in the U.S.,
214
,
268
Allen, George E.,
503
Alsace-Lorraine,
365
Aluminum, dearth of,
52
Aluminum Company of America,
52
Amalgamated Clothing Workers,
55
,
263
Amazon River,
316
