Roosevelt (123 page)

The Mobilized Society.
The author and Douglas D. Rose collaborated in research and writing for this section. Roosevelt on building planes: PC 956, June 9, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp.165-166. Data and description of social and economic changes is drawn largely from research conducted by Douglas D. Rose at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and at the University of Minnesota. Urban crowding: Davis McEntire,
Residence and Race
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), chap. 3. Whites’ attitudes toward Negro job opportunity: Cantril, p. 510. Racial stoppages: FEPC statement, n.d., OF 4245 G, Box 5. OWI report, Dec. 9, 1942: OF 4245 G O, OWI Box 13. Ickes on discrimination as a national question: Ickes to Roosevelt, July 7, 1943, OF 6, 1943. Suppression of FEPC report: Cramer to Roosevelt, July 3, 1942; Patterson to Roosevelt, July 14, 1942; Roosevelt to McIntyre, July 17, 1942; McIntyre to Cramer, July 17, 1942; OF 4245 G, Box 3. FEPC Mexican-American hearings stopped: Welles to Roosevelt, June 20, 1942, continued to July 31, 1942; McIntyre to Roosevelt, OF 4245 G, Box 3. Jackson
Daily News
is quoted in
PM,
March 20, 1944, p. 3. South Carolina legislature declaration, March 31, 1944: OF 93. Hoover report on Communism: FBI report sent to Daniels, Aug. 22, 1944, OF 4245 G, F-H-L Box 10. Hershey on requisitioning and discrimination: Hershey to Roosevelt, Oct. 4, 1941, OF 93; War Department communication, Selective Service 6142, see OF 93 B, Sept. 18, 1944. Visit of members of the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association: PC 933, Feb. 5, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 66-70. Roosevelt on Negroes at Warm Springs: Ross to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 25, 1944; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 31, 1944; Roosevelt to Daniels, Feb. 7, 1944, OF 93. Roosevelt promise of Japanese-American return: press letter to the President of the Senate, Sept. 10, 1943, OF 4849, 1942-1944, Box 1. Japanese-American situation: Stimson Diary, May 17, 1944, May 26, 1944; Roosevelt to Stettinius and Ickes, June 12, 1944; PL, pp. 1517-1518; Hull to Roosevelt, June 16, 1944, OF 4849; Fortas to Roosevelt, Aug. 25, 1944, OF 4849.

School attendance: I. L. Kandel,
The Impact of the War Upon American Education
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948), pp. 85-88. Roosevelt requests schools as service centers: Roosevelt message to National Institute on Education and the War, Aug. 28, 1942, OF 6 G. On curriculum:
What the Schools Should Teach in Wartime,
NEA pamphlet, OF 107, Box 8. On idle colleges: report to Roosevelt, July 30, 1943, OF 5182; Bush, p. 7. ASTP and V-12 programs and cuts: OF 25 NN, 1943-45, especially Patterson to Rosenman, Jan. 27, 1944; Rosenman to Roosevelt, Feb. 21, 1944; Marshall to Roosevelt, Feb. 22, 1944. Roosevelt on limited federal school participation: Roosevelt to Pepper, Nov. 12, 1942, OF 107, Box 8. Roosevelt’s request of War and Navy Departments for a study of use of colleges for war purposes: PPF 7886, Oct. 15, 1942. Roosevelt’s request of Bush for postwar science program: PPA, 1944-45, Nov. 17, 1944, and note; Cox Diary, Oct. 24, 1944, FDRL; draft letter to
Hopkins, Oct. 18, 1944; Cox to Hopkins, Nov. 9, 1944, with proposed Roosevelt letter to Bush; Smith Diary, Daily Record, March 19, 1945, FDRL. See Kandel on war and education in general. Roosevelt on planning for future: Roosevelt to Embree, March 16, 1942, OF 93. Union and labor changes: Executive Order 9240, OF 15. E. J. Burtt,
Labor Markets, Unions, and Government Policies
(St. Martin’s, 1963), pp. 15, 94, 99, 273. Ann Arbor housing segregation: Emmerich to McIntyre, Feb. 16, 1943; McIntyre to McNutt, March 4, 1943; McIntyre to Blandford, March 29, 1943, OF 63, Box 16.

The Culture of War.
Roosevelt on the existence of one front: State of the Union message, Jan. 11, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, P 42Citizen participation in the war: “Review of the Progress of the War,” fireside chat by the President, June 12, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, p. 173. American attitudes toward the meaning of the war: Jerome S. Bruner,
Mandate from the People
(Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944), pp. 27-29.
The Nation
criticism of Roosevelt:
The Nation,
April 1, 1944, p. 381. Roosevelt’s summary of war goals, March 24, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, P
¹⁰
3 Roosevelt’s answer to critics, March 24, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, p. 109. Dos Passos’ observations: John Dos Passos,
State of the Nation
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1944), pp. 181, 215-223. Roosevelt’s electoral standing: Cantril, pp. 627, 631, 632, 634, 635, 762-763. Brogan on American people at war: D. W. Brogan, “The American Way in War,”
Harper’s,
May 1944, pp. 491-499.

The Washington scene: Hurd, chap. 24. This section is based in part on personal observation by the author, as a government employee in Washington and Denver, 1942-43, and as an infantryman and combat historian, 1943-45. Civilian and servicemen attitudes toward the fact of war: Stouffer, chap. 9; see also John M. Blum, “The G.I. in the Culture of the Second World War,”
Ventures,
Spring 1968, pp. 51-56. Infantrymen’s attitude toward soldiers’ vote: Ernie Pyle,
Brave Men
(Holt, 1944), p. 137. “Why We Fight” films and their impact: Stouffer, pp. 461-468. Negro soldiers: Fish to Stimson, Feb. 1, 1944,
Congressional Record,
Vol. 90, Pt. 8, pp. A659-A66o; Hastie to Stimson, Feb. 29, 1944, text in Ulysses Lee,
The Employment of Negro Troops
(Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1966), pp. 478-479; see Lee generally for a well-documented and significant treatment of this subject. Attitude of black troops toward discrimination: Stouffer, pp. 502-503. Stimson’s views generally: Stimson and Bundy, p. 461; Stimson Diary, Jan. 27, 1944. Myrdal on the ideological war: Myrdal, p. 1004. Roosevelt on problems of Negro servicemen: special conference for Negro Newspaper Publishers Association (full text in FDRL), Feb. 5, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 66-67. See, generally, Mina Curtiss (ed.),
Letters Home
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1944).

Supply background to the invasion of France: Roland G. Ruppenthal,
Logistical Support of the Armies,
Vol. I,
The European Theatre of Operations
(Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953). The British scene before the invasion: Pogue
²
; Churchill
³
, p. 596; Cornelius Ryan,
The Longest Day
(Simon and Schuster, 1959); Morison
⁵
. On
the final meetings, see Pogue
²
, p. 170, n. 23. Enemy estimates and plans: Trevor-Roper, pp. 149-153, 164-165; B. H. Liddell Hart (ed.),
The Rommel Papers
(Harcourt, Brace, 1953), p. 465; Warlimont, pp. 407-408; Friedrich Ruge, “The Invasion of Normandy,” in Jacobsen and Rohwer, pp. 317-349. Hitler on Roosevelt: Liddell Hart, cited above, p. 465. The cross-channel attack: Harrison; Morison
⁵
; see also Churchill
⁶
; Eisenhower; Bradley, among other accounts and memoirs. Murrow’s broadcast: Edward R. Murrow,
In Search of Light
(Knopf, 1967), p. 81. Roosevelt prior to D day: Tully, p. 265; Hassett, p. 248. Press conference on morning of D day: PC 954, June 6, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp.154-160; see original transcript, FDRL, for slightly expanded coverage.

Crusade in France.
Harrison describes operations in Normandy through the fall of Cherbourg. Eisenhower on the millionth man to land: Marshall to Roosevelt, July 4, 1944, PMRP, Box 23. Churchill’s visit to the war: Churchill
⁶
, p. 15. Roosevelt’s response: Roosevelt to Churchill, June 19, 1944, PMRP, Box 23. Differences over grand political strategy: see the able discussion in Ehrman
¹
, pp. 249, 255; see also Ehrman
¹
, pp. 345-367; Matloff, pp. 466-475. Churchill’s “solemn protest”: Ehrman
¹
, p. 356. Churchill to Roosevelt on
ANVIL,
June 28, 1944: Churchill
⁶
, pp. 63-64. Roosevelt’s response, June 29, 1944: Churchill
⁶
, pp. 721-723. On composition of latter message, and on Roosevelt’s information that the British ultimately would give way on Trieste, see Leahy to Roosevelt, June 30, 1944, PMRP, Box 23.
ANVIL
landings: Morison
⁵
, chap. 16. Churchill’s inspection: Churchill
⁶
, p. 100.

Roosevelt’s relations with de Gaulle, 1943 and early 1944: de Gaulle; FRUS, 1943, Vol. II; FRUS, 1944, Vol. IV; Viorst, chap. 11; Schoenbrun, chap. 5, which includes extensive documentation. Roosevelt on de Gaulle’s “infiltration”: Roosevelt to Churchill, Dec. 31, 1943; PL, p. 1474. Presentation of destroyer escort, Feb. 12, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp.70-72. French currency: Blum
²
, pp. 166-177; Nicolson, p. 377. Roosevelt to Marshall on de Gaulle: Roosevelt to Marshall, June 2, 1944 (in answer to Marshall to Roosevelt, May 17, 1944, enclosing Eisenhower to Marshall, n.d., including Eisenhower message for Roosevelt), FDRL. On Roosevelt’s attitude toward de Gaulle around the time of D day, see also Blum
²
, p. 168; Stimson and Bundy, p. 551. Churchill-de Gaulle exchange at this time: Churchill
⁵
, pp. 629-630. Preliminaries to de Gaulle’s visit to Washington: Viorst, p. 207; Hull, p. 1432; memorandum and correspondence, June 27, 1944, Stimson Papers. Roosevelt’s toast to de Gaulle, July 7, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 194-196; see also de Gaulle, pp. 265-275. Roosevelt on liberation of Paris, Aug. 24, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp.240-241. Stalin on Soviet military plans: Stalin to Roosevelt, June 7, 1944,
Correspondence
²
, p. 145. Roosevelt’s toast to Mikolajczyk, June 7, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, PP160-163. Poland: Roosevelt to Stalin, June 19, 1944; Stalin to Roosevelt, July 23, 1944,
Correspondence
²
, pp. 146, 152-153. Spheres of interest: Hull, pp. 1451-1452; Roosevelt to Churchill, June 11, 1944; Churchill to Roosevelt, June 11, 1944; Roosevelt to Churchill, June 13, 1944, all in Churchill
⁶
, pp. 75, 75-77. Stalin’s May Day order: Werth, pp. 842-843. Stalin’s comments on Churchill and Roosevelt: Djilas, p. 73.

Pacific Thunderbolts.
Strategic situation in the Pacific, 1944: Matloff, chap. 20; Ehrman
¹
, chap. 11; S. E. Morison,
Neiu Guinea and the Marianas
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), chap. 1, Differences between MacArthur and Navy: King and Whitehill; Whitney; Willoughby and Chamberlain. MacArthur’s strategy as quoted: Whitney, p. 120. Japanese naval situation: Morison,
ibid.,
pp. 10-14. Strategic value of Marianas: Morison,
ibid.,
pp. 157-158. Japanese plans and injunctions in the Marianas: Morison,
ibid.,
p. 221; Philip A. Crowl,
Campaign in the Marianas
(Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1960), p. 117. The “Great Marianas Turkey Shoot”: Morison,
ibid.,
chaps. 14-16. Capture of Saipan: Carl W. Hoffman,
Saipan: The Beginning of the End
(Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 1950); Crowl, chaps. 3-12; see also Edmund G. Love,
The 27th Infantry Division in World War II
(Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1949). Guam: O. R. Lodge,
The Recapture of Guam
(Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-9 Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 1954); Crowl, chaps. 15-20 (on army operations). See, generally, Jeter A. Isely and Philip A. Crowl,
The U.S. Marines and Amphibious Warfare
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1951); Earl S. Pomeroy,
Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1951); Clark G. Reynolds,
The Forging of an Air Navy
(McGraw-Hill, 1968); Robert Sherrod,
On to Westward! War in the Central Pacific
(Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1945).

Roosevelt to Churchill on importance of capture of Saipan, June 19, 1944: PMRP, Box 23. Trip to Oahu and arrival: Rosenman, pp. 456-457; Leahy, pp. 249-250; Rigdon, pp. 115-116. MacArthur’s arrival: Rigdon, p. 116; Rosenman, pp. 456-457; Whitney, p. 123. Data on the conferences is sketchy; see Matloff, p. 482; Leahy Diary, July 28, 29, 1944, LC; Leahy, pp. 250-251; Whitney, pp. 123-125; Willoughby and Chamberlain, pp. 233-236; Robert L. Eichelberger,
Our Jungle Road to Tokyo
(Viking, 1950), pp. 165-167. MacArthur on Philippines and Roosevelt’s re-election: Whitney, p. 125. Roosevelt’s tour of Oahu: Rosenman, p. 458; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 206-212; Films 2594-72, 208 UN 116, NA. Aleutians and trip back: Leahy, pp. 253-254; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 213-216. Reports received at sea: PMRP, Box 23. Roosevelt on the “low” that followed the ship, Aug. 14, 1944: PL, pp. 1527-1529. Roosevelt’s follow-up letters to MacArthur and to Nimitz: Rigdon, pp. 121-123.

Roosevelt as Commander in Chief.
Roosevelt’s wish to be called Commander in Chief: Hull, p. 1111; King and Whitehill, p. 567; there is no reference to the episode by King, or in Leahy or Leahy Diary. Roosevelt’s desire to be considered a soldier: GGT (but undoubtedly Roosevelt) to S.T.E. (Early), Dec. 11, 1941, PL, pp. 1255-1256. Roosevelt on not overruling his military advisers: address to Advertising War Council Conference, March 8, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, p. 99; see also Sherwood, p. 948. Noncommissioning of La Guardia and La Guardia background: Arthur Mann,
La Guardia: A Fighter Against His Time
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1959); Stimson and Roosevelt: Stimson Diary, March 27, 30, April

6,7, 9, 10, May 3, 1943; Charles Burlingham to Stimson, March 28, 1943,with copies of Burlingham-La Guardia correspondence; Stimson to
Burlingham, March 30, 1943; Stimson to Roosevelt, April 6, 1943; Roosevelt to Stimson, April 8, 1943; Stimson to Roosevelt, April 12, 1943; all in Stimson Papers, Box 400; Roosevelt to Stimson, Oct. 15, 1943, PL, p. 1456. On later developments: Roosevelt to Stimson (unsigned), Sept. 29, 1944, PMRP, Box 12; Hopkins to Roosevelt, Sept. 30, 1944, HHP. Roosevelt on Patton: PC 927, Dec. 17, 1943; PPA, 1943, p. 552. Second Patton incident: Pogue
²
, pp. 164-166. Stimson on Roosevelt’s nomination of generals: Stimson to Roosevelt, April 12, 1943, Stimson Papers, Box 400; see Rawleigh Warner to Mrs. Frank Knox, March 29, 1949, Knox Papers, LC. Roosevelt’s technical advice, respectively: Roosevelt to Acting Cominch, Feb. 23, 1943, PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Logistics; King to Roosevelt, July 17, 1942; Roosevelt to Knox, Aug. 12, 1942; Roosevelt to Leahy, Sept. 16, 1942, all three in PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, General Corr., 1942-45, Box 31; Wilson Brown to King, Nov. 27, 1944, PMRP, Box 15; Roosevelt to Stimson and Knox, Sept. 20, 1943, PL, pp. 1443-1444; see also Roosevelt to Land, Sept. 14, 1942, U. S. Maritime Comm., FDRL. Calf shooting: PC 948, May 6, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 119-120. The AWOL WAC, July 2, 1944: Hassett, pp. 257-258.