Roosevelt (124 page)

Exchange with reporters over Leahy’s status: PC 836, July 21, 1942; Leahy, p. 97. Paradox of American civil-military relations: William Emerson, “Franklin Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief in World War,”
Military Affairs,
1958, pp. 181-207 (this excellent article has been of great assistance in this analysis, especially on the question of the change over time in the extent of Roosevelt’s disagreements with his military advisers); see also Greenfield
¹
, pp. 41 ft; Neustadt, pp. 214-215. War as an aberration for Americans: Louis Morton, “National Policy and Military Strategy,”
Virginia Quarterly Review,
Winter 1960, pp. 10, 11. See also the excellent essays in Greenfield
²
for implications for Roosevelt as Commander in Chief. Churchill as Commander in Chief: see his volumes, especially the documents and appendices; also Morison
⁵
, p. 12. Stalin as Commander in Chief: Deutscher, p. 466; Zhukov. Roosevelt on military planners’ occasional conservatism: Matloff, p. 211. Hitler as Commander in Chief: Shirer, p. 1134; see also almost any of the memoirs of German generals. Roosevelt on officers’ plot against Hitler: Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 2i, 1944, PL, p. 1525; Roosevelt to Stalin, July 21, 1944,
Correspondence
²
, pp. 150-151.

Suspension of presidential election: PC 934, Feb. 8, 1944, PC Transcripts. Discord in America: S. K. Ratcliffe. “America’s Crucial Year,”
Contemporary Review,
April 1944, p. 198. Letters to Roosevelt: these are drawn from a wider selection made by Paul Streicker in Aug. 1966 from a large collection in OF 4166. Chandler is quoted in
PM,
Jan. 27, 1944, p. 16.
As a Good Soldier.
Willkie’s 1944 nomination campaign: Barnard, chaps. 20-21; Johnson, chap. 7. Willkie’s speech to industrialists: Johnson, pp. 250-251. His statement after defeat: Johnson, p. 280. MacArthur’s campaign: Vandenberg, pp. 75-89. For Roosevelt’s earlier view of MacArthur,
see Tugwell, p. 349; Jonathan Daniels,
The Time Between the Wars
(Doubleday, 1966), p. 207. MacArthur’s discussion with naval officers prior to Pearl Harbor: Report of Conference, PMRP, Manila, Dec. 6, 1941. Naval Aide’s File, Warfare, Philippine Islands, Box 17; see also Forrestal, pp. 17-18. Published material on Dewey is slight; for the pre-1944 period, see Stanley Walker,
Dewey: An American of This Century
(McGraw-Hill, 1944), a campaign biography. Dewey’s acceptance speech:
ibid.,
pp. 344-350.

Roosevelt on not running for a fourth term: Leahy, p. 239; Roosevelt to Patrick H. Drewry, March 7, 1944, PL, pp. 1499-1500. Roosevelt on running for a fourth term: Roosevelt to Hannegan, July 11, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 197-198. Personal memoirs and accounts of preconvention Democratic party politicking are numerous; see, for example, Rosenman, chap. 22; Blum
²
, pp. 280-281; Byrnes, chap. 13; Barkley, pp. 188-191; Allen, chap. 10; Lord, pp. 526-537; Josephson, pp. 616-625; Steinberg, chap. 24; Tully, pp. 275-277. Roosevelt’s handling of 1940 nomination rivals: Burns, pp. 411-412. Roosevelt’s handling of vice-presidential ambitions: Tully to Roosevelt, July 11 and 13, 1944, PSF, Box 54; Blum
²
, pp. 280-281; Byrnes, pp. 219-222; Krock interview, Oral History Project, p. 90. July 11 conference with party leaders: Allen, pp. 127-128; Rosenman, pp. 443-445; Byrnes, pp. 221-222. Wallace’s response: “Report from Senator Guffey,” July 11, 1944, PSF, Wallace Folder; Lord, p. 529. Byrnes’s response: Byrnes, pp. 223-224. Roosevelt’s personal statement for Wallace: Roosevelt to Samuel D. Jackson, July 14, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 199-200. Roosevelt’s pressure on Truman: Rosenman, p. 451; Steinberg, p. 213. Roosevelt’s acceptance speech, July 20, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 201-206.

A New Party?
Roosevelt’s spell of pain in the railroad car: Roosevelt and Shalett, pp. 351-352; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 21, 1944, PL, p. 1525. Rumors of Roosevelt’s ill-health: Daniels interview, p. 42, HSTL; Reilly, pp. 195, 196; Moran, p. 242. FBI agent’s report: Hopkins to Roosevelt, July 28, 1944; Leahy to Hopkins, July 28, 1944, PMRP, “Trip to Pacific Theatre,” Box 23. On pictures of Roosevelt giving his acceptance speech, see Rosenman, p. 453. Arrangements for Seattle speech: Roosevelt to Reilly, PMRP, Box 23; see also Reilly, pp. 191, 193-194. Aides’ reaction to the talk: Rosenman, pp. 461-462; Reilly, p. 194; Tully, pp. 277-278. Roosevelt’s physical condition: Bruenn Ms. (see notes, chap. 15 above); Rigdon, p. 130. Roosevelt’s seeming boredom with political detail: Roosevelt and Shalett, p. 351. Roosevelt on “ghoulish” newspapermen: Reilly, pp. 196-197. Signing of GI Bill of Rights, June 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 180-185. Missouri Valley Authority, Sept. 21, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 274-278; see also PC 980, Nov. 14, 1944; PPA, 1944-45. pp.419-422

Willkie’s views after Wisconsin: Wendell L. Willkie Papers, Speech Material Cont., LC; Johnson, chap. 9. Willkie’s support in the presidential Democratic party: Barnard, p. 478. Joseph Barnes,
Willkie
(Simon and Schuster, 1952), pp. 367-371, has rounded up the rumors of Willkie as a possible Roosevelt running mate; see also Roosevelt to Norris, July 17, 1944, PL, p. 1522, which indicates that Roosevelt had a role in feelers
put out to Willkie even though he implies he had not. “Leaking” of Roosevelt’s letter: Barnard, p. 482. So secretive were both Roosevelt and Willkie about their preliminary negotiations over party realignment that documentary sources are limited; see, however, Roosevelt to Willkie, July 13, 1944, PL, p. 1520; Roosevelt to Willkie, Aug. 21, 1944, PL, pp. 1531-1532; and Willkie statements and correspondence in Barnes and Barnard. Rosenman, chap. 24, offers the fullest and most firsthand report of Roosevelt’s actions. Hassett, p. 255, confirms that Roosevelt saw Pinchot on June 29, 1944.

A Grand Design?
Specialized international co-operation: Myron Taylor to Roosevelt, n.d.; Roosevelt to Taylor, June 5, 1944, PSF, Myron Taylor Folder, Vatican; Berle to Roosevelt, May 19, 1944; Roosevelt to Berle, May 20, 1944, PSF, Hull Folder, 2-44. Bretton Woods: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Feb. 29, 1944, with enclosures; Roosevelt to Byrnes, March 6, 1944; Byrnes to Roosevelt, March 10, 1944, FDRL; Blum
²
, chaps. 5-6; Roy F. Harrod,
The Life of John Maynard Keynes
(St. Martin’s, 1963), chap. 13. Roosevelt’s message to conference: Blum
²
, p. 257; see also PPA, 194445, pp.138-140. Popular attitudes toward postwar international organization: Cantril, pp. 908-910. Congressional role: Young, pp. 191-196. Background and basic documents on Dumbarton Oaks: Robert A. Divine,
Second Chance
(Atheneum, 1967); Welles; FRUS, 1944, Vol. I, General, pp. 614-923. Roosevelt on the intellectuals is quoted in Divine, p. 167. Daily progress reports submitted to Roosevelt by Stettinius are in FDRL and included in FRUS. Dewey criticism and response: Hull, pp. 1686-1699. Soviet stand on veto: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 738, 742, 748, 750, 766, 777; see Kolko, pp. 272-274. Roosevelt-Gromyko meeting: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 784-787.

Second Quebec Conference: Ismay on the Churchills’ and Roosevelt’s reunion: Ismay, p. 373. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s estimate of the situation: Churchill
⁶
, pp. 153-154; Ehrman
¹
, p. 509. Adriatic strategy: Ehrman
²
, p. 511; Matloff, p. 510; Churchill
⁶
, pp. 155-156. Churchill’s offer of fleet: Churchill
⁶
, pp. 154-155; Ehrman
¹
, p. 518; King and Whitehill, p. 569; Ismay, p. 374. Expectations of German defeat: Matloff, p. 508. Allied zones: Ehrman
²
, p. 515; Blum
²
, pp. 330, 372; Stimson Papers. Morgenthau plan: Blum
²
, chap. 7; Churchill
⁶
, pp. 156-157; Morgenthau-Churchill confrontation: Blum
²
, pp. 373-374; Moran, pp. 190-193; McCloy notes, Sept. 20, 1944, Stimson Papers. Roosevelt-Churchill statement: Blum
²
, p. 371. Churchill-Eden exchange: Blum
²
, p. 371; Eden, p. 476. On Roosevelt’s backing away from Morgenthau plan, cf. Eleanor Roosevelt, pp. 334-335. Stimson’s reaction: memorandum, Sept. 5, 1944, Stimson Papers. Hyde Park days: Leahy, p. 265; see also Hassett, pp. 271-272.

The Strangest Campaign.
Anna Roosevelt Boettiger on her father’s Teamsters’ talk: Rosenman, p. 478. Teamsters’ Union speech, Sept. 23, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 284-292, read against recordings of speech. Dewey’s reaction:
Time,
Oct. 2, 1944, pp. 22-23;
PM,
Sept. 25, 1944, p. 12; interview with Dewey, April 11, 1969. Vote analysis: Bean to Lubin and Hopkins, Feb. 4, 1944, FDRL; see earlier study of turnout by Cantril, April 26, 1943, Cantril Notebook II, pp. 50-63. Role of PAC: Joseph Gaer,
The First Round
(Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944), which includes
documents and leaflets; Josephson, p. 631. Negro vote: Cantril Notebook IV, p. 97.

Campaign tour of New York: Hassett, pp. 278-282; Reilly, pp. 198-199; Eleanor Roosevelt, pp. 336-338; Film 2757-14, NA. Other campaign speeches are from PPA, 1944-45. Silencing Hershey: memorandum of talk with Roosevelt, Oct. 3, 1944, Stimson Papers. MacArthur’s announcement: Whitney, p. 158. Chicago speech: Rosenman, p. 496; Hassett, p. 286. Communism as issue, and Boston speech: Sherwood, p. 829; Reilly, p. 197; Roosevelt and Shalett, p. 353; Hassett, pp. 277, 287; Forrestal, p. 13;
Time,
Nov. 27, 1944, p. 18. Election Day and night: Hassett, p. 293; Leahy, pp. 277-278; Leahy Diary, Nov. 7, 8, 1944.

For You Are the Man for Us.
Roosevelt’s comment on Dewey to Hassett, election night: Hassett, p. 294. Roosevelt’s notes, election night: PSF, Box 54. Letter from black woman in Pittsburgh (lines broken, from prose form of letter, by author): OF 4166, Fourth-term Corr., letter dated Nov. 1, 1944. Votes written in to Roosevelt: Susie Phillips to Roosevelt, Oct. 10, 1944, OF 93.

Roosevelt’s return to Washington after the election: Hassett, pp. 295-296. His speech, Nov. 10, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 418-419. Press conference: PC 97g, Nov. 10, 1944. Congratulations from Stalin and Mao, respectively: Stalin to Roosevelt, Nov. g, 1944,
Correspondence
²
, p. 168; Mao to Hurley, Dec. 16, 1944, FRUS, 1944, Vol. VI, pp. 740-741. Election figures: Svend Petersen,
A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections
(Frederick Ungar, 1963), Tables 35-42.

Europe: The Deepening Fissures.
Basic U.S. policy toward Poland, especially future economic reconstruction: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Oct. 31, 1944, with enclosed report “Reconstruction of Poland,” FDRL. Polish-American pressures: Arthur Bliss Lane,
I Saxu Poland Betrayed
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1948), pp. 58-62; Stettinius to Roosevelt, on “Resolution of Polish American Democratic Organization of Chicago,” Jan. 4, 1945, Poland Folder, 1-45, FDRL. Roosevelt-Churchill correspondence with Stalin on Warsaw: Roosevelt and Churchill to Stalin, Aug. 20, 1944;Stalin to Roosevelt and Churchill, Aug. 22, 1944,
Correspondence
²
, pp.156, 157; Churchill to Roosevelt, Aug. 24, 1944, Sept. 4, 1944; Roosevelt to Churchill, Aug. 24, 1944, Aug. 26, 1944, Sept. 5, 1944, Churchill
⁶
, pp. 136-144. Stalin’s general attitude and policy on Warsaw situation: Werth, pp.873-883; Deborin, pp. 370-374; Ulam, pp. 361-363; Hull, p. 1446; FRUS,1944, Vol. IV, p. 1013. Roosevelt’s view: above citations and Hull, pp.1448-1449. Churchill “hushing up” Poland for Roosevelt: Churchill to King George, Oct. 16, 1944; Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 22, 1944, Churchill
⁶
, pp. 239, 242. Lane and Roosevelt exchange: Lane, pp. 64-67. Mikolajczyk appeal to Roosevelt, Oct. 26, 1944:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 207-209;Roosevelt to Mikolajczyk, Nov. 17, 1944,
ibid.,
pp. 209-210; memo, Stettinius to Roosevelt, Nov. 15, 1944,
ibid.,
p. 209. Roosevelt’s appeal to Stalin and Stalin’s answer, Dec. 16, 1944 and Dec. 27, 1944, respectively:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 217-218, 221-223; Stalin’s further message and Roosevelt’s response, Dec. 30, 1944 and Jan. 1, 1945,
ibid.,
pp. 224-226; see also
Correspondence-,
pp. 175-184. Churchill to Roosevelt, Jan. 6, 1945:
Malta-Yalta,
p. 226.

Churchill-Stalin agreement on spheres of interest: Churchill
⁶
, pp. 226-228; see also Harriman reports, FRUS, 1944, Vol. IV, pp. 1003-1024. Harriman’s presence at Churchill-Stalin meeting: Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 4, 1944, Churchill
⁸
, pp. 219-220. Dispute over Italy:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 266ff., 430 ff.; Sherwood, pp. 838-839. Churchill’s “easing” of Italian situation before presidential election: Churchill to Halifax, Dec. 4, 1944,
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 267-269. Greek situation: Churchill
⁶
, chap. 18; Eden, chap. 14; Sherwood, pp. 839-843; Roosevelt to Churchill, Dec. 13, 1944, Churchill
⁶
, pp. 299-301. Harriman’s reports on Soviet policy and attitudes: Hull, p. 1459; FRUS, 1944, Vol. IV, pp. 988-990, 992-998.

China: The Edge of the Abyss.
On Chinese developments generally during 1944, see Tsou, Pts. 1-2; FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI; Kirby, Vol. IV; Kolko, chap. 10; Stilwell, chaps. 10-11; Romanus and Sunderland
³
, chap. 1; White and Jacoby; OPD 384 (China), AR. Battle for Leyte Gulf: King and Whitehill, pp. 576-580; S. E. Morison,
Leyte
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Forrestal, pp. 19-20; E. B. Potter and Chester W. Nimitz (eds.),
Triumph in the Pacific
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963), chap. 5. CBI developments: Romanus and Sunderland
³
, chaps. 4-6; Churchill
⁵
, p. 566. Churchill’s skepticism of Chinese possibilities: Churchill
⁵
, pp. 560-561. Roosevelt-Chiang exchanges on military situation: Romanus and Sunderland
¹
, pp. 383-384. Stilwell’s report on situation:
ibid.,
p. 435. Internal problems of China: Smith, pp. 48-52, 94-98.

Reports on Mao’s regime: Gauss to Hull, Aug. 26, 1944, enclosing report by Second Secretary John S. Service, FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI, pp. 517-520; see also
ibid.,
pp. 551-556, 559-567. Attitude and questions of Communist leaders:
ibid.,
p. 606; Oct. 10, 1944, pp. 637-638; see also White and Jacoby, pp. 240-241. Roosevelt to Chiang on the developing disaster: text in Romanus and Sunderland
¹
, pp. 445-446. Stilwell’s presentation of the climactic message: Stilwell, p. 333. Final developments: Roosevelt to Chiang, Oct. 5, 1944, FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI, pp. 165-166; Chiang to Roosevelt, Oct. 9, 1944,
ibid.,
pp. 166-167;
^a
l
^so
Chiang to Hurley, Oct. 10, 1944,
ibid.,
pp. 167-170; Roosevelt to Chiang, Oct. 18, 1944, Romanus and Sunderland
¹
, pp. 468-469. Many of Roosevelt’s messages to Chungking were drafted in the War Department; see OPD 384, AR.