Render Unto Rome (63 page)

44.
Wills,
Papal Sin
, pp. 249–56.

45.
Ibid., p. 215.

46.
Corrado Pallenberg,
Vatican Finances
(London, 1971), p. 59.

47.
Hans Küng,
Infallible? An Unresolved Enquiry
(New York, 1994), pp. 145–46.

48.
Pallenberg,
Vatican Finances
, p. 32.

49.
Ibid., p. 33.

50.
Kertzer,
Prisoner of the Vatican
, p. 132.

51.
Pollard,
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy
, p. 51.

52.
D’Agostino,
Rome in America
, pp. 61, 78.

53.
Pollard,
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy
, p. 51.

54.
Rhodes,
The Power of Rome
, p. 76.

55.
Kertzer,
The Popes Against the Jews
, p. 192.

56.
Pollard,
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy
, p. 360.

57.
James M. O’Toole,
Militant and Triumphant: William Henry O’Connell and the Catholic Church in Boston, 1859–1944
(Notre Dame, IN, 1992), p. 16.

58.
Ibid., p. 11.

59.
Ibid., pp. 34, 39.

60.
Ibid., pp. 56–57.

61.
Charles R. Morris,
American Catholic: The Saints and Sinners Who Built America’s Most Powerful Church
(New York, 1997), p. 114.

62.
Ibid., pp. 103, 93.

63.
John Cooney,
The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman
(New York, 1984), p. 24.

64.
O’Toole,
Militant and Triumphant
, p. 182.

65.
Ibid., p. 186.

66.
Ibid., p. 193.

67.
Kelly,
The Oxford Dictionary of Popes
, pp. 314–16; Duffy,
Saints and Sinners
, p. 333.

68.
John F. Pollard,
The Unknown Pope: Benedict XV (1914–1922) and the Pursuit of Peace
(London, 1999), p. 122.

69.
Christopher Duggan,
The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796
(London, 2007), p. 399.

70.
Ibid., p. 400.

71.
Pollard,
The Unknown Pope
, p. 146.

72.
John Henry Cutler,
Cardinal Cushing of Boston
(New York, 1970), p. 63.

73.
Edward R. Kantowicz,
Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism
(Notre Dame, IN, 1983), p. 42.

74.
Ibid., p. 39.

75.
Morris,
American Catholic
, pp. 163, 187.

76.
Ibid., p. 168.

77.
Ibid., p. 171.

78.
Ibid., pp. 186–87.

79.
Kertzer,
The Popes Against the Jews
, p. 241.

80.
George Seldes,
The Vatican: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
(New York, 1934), p. 326.

81.
Ibid., p. 330.

82.
Ibid., p. 426.

83.
Donald Sassoon,
Mussolini and the Rise of Fascism
(New York, 2007), p. 85.

84.
Ibid., p. 427.

85.
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners
, p. 337. Italics added.

86.
Cooney,
The American Pope
, p. 39.

87.
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners
, p. 339.

88.
Emilio Gentile,
The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy
(Cambridge, MA, 1996), p. 59.

89.
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners
, p. 339.

90.
Peter Godman,
Hitler and the Vatican: Inside the Secret Archives That Reveal the New Story of the Nazis and the Church
(New York, 2004), p. 27.

91.
Ronald J. Rychlak,
Hitler, the War, and the Pope
(Huntington, IN, 2010), p. 73.

92.
James Gollin,
Worldly Goods
(New York, 1971), pp. 439, 441.

93.
John Cornwell,
Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
(New York, 1999), p. 190.

94.
See George Seldes,
The Catholic Crisis
(New York, 1945); and D’Agostino,
Rome in America
.

95.
Pollard,
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy
, p. 186; see also Gollin,
Worldly Goods
, pp. 449–54.

96.
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners
, pp. 343–45.

97.
Rabbi David G. Dalin,
The Myth of Hitler’s Pope
(New York, 2005), pp. 55–56; Rychlak,
Hitler, the War, and the Pope
, p. 317.

98.
Cornwell,
Hitler’s Pope
, p. 295.

99.
Ronald Rychlak in
Hitler, the War, and the Pope
and Rabbi David Dalin in
The Myth of Hitler’s Pope
have been relentless critics of Cornwell’s thesis.

100.
Eric O. Hansen,
The Catholic Church in World Politics
(Princeton, NJ, 1987), p. 81.

CHAPTER 3
:
SEEDS OF REVOLT

  1.
Jack Thomas, “Scandal Darkens a Bright Career,”
Boston Globe
, April 14, 2002.

  2.
John Allen,
Conclave
(New York, 2004), p. 29.

  3.
Bruce Teague, interview with the author.

  4.
Boston Globe
Investigative Staff,
Betrayal: The Crisis of the Catholic Church
(New York, 2002), p. 146.

  5.
Andrea Estes, “Vatican Reverses Kennedy Ruling,”
Boston Globe
, June 21, 2007.

  6.
Steve Marantz, “Law Raps Ex-priest Coverage,”
Boston Globe
, May 24, 1992.

  7.
Channing Thieme, interview with and e-mails to the author. She has since married and now goes by Channing Penna.

  8.
Art Austin, e-mail to the author, March 18, 2002.

  9.
Jason Berry and Gerald Renner,
Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Priesthood of John Paul II
(New York, 2004), p. 89.

10.
Robert Blair Kaiser,
A Church in Search of Itself: Benedict XVI and the Battle for the Future
(New York, 2006), pp. 68–69.

11.
Allen,
Conclave
, p. 163.

12.
John L. Allen Jr., “Vatican Defends Church’s Handling of Sexual Abuse Allegations,”
National Catholic Reporter
, March 29, 2002. At the press conference, Cardinal Castrillón cited a figure of 3 percent of priests with “tendencies” toward abuse and only 0.3 percent as actual pedophiles. His data were drawn from a book by Philip Jenkins,
Pedophiles and Priests
(New York, 1996), which in turn had cited a 1992 study of Chicago priests, meaning that the cardinal’s figures were a decade old.
A Report on the Crisis in the Catholic Church in the United States
, by Robert S. Bennett et al., prepared by the National Review Board for the Protection of Children and Young People (Washington, DC: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004), cited data that put the figure at 4 percent of American priests.

13.
On Castrillón correspondence, see Jason Berry, “Vatican Cardinal Bucked U.S. Bishop on Abuse,”
National Catholic Reporter
, April 22, 2010; Patty Machelor, “Moreno Struggled to Defrock 2 Priests,”
Arizona Daily Star
, April 1, 2010. See also Berry and Renner,
Vows of Silence
, 234–35; Michael Rezendes, “Ariz. Abuse Case Names Bishops, 2 Priests,”
Boston Globe
, August 20, 2002. Castrillón correspondence is posted on
www.natcath.org
.

14.
Phone interview with Lynne Cadigan, May 13, 2010.

15.
Berry and Renner,
Vows of Silence
, pp. 65–66.

16.
John Allen, “Catholic Vatican Summit Produces Flawed Document,”
National Catholic Reporter
, May 10, 2002.

17.
Berry and Renner,
Vows of Silence
, pp. 65–66.

18.
Nicholas P. Cafardi, “The Scandal of Secrecy,”
Commonweal
, August 13, 2010.

19.
Laurie Goodstein and David M. Halbfinger, “Church Office Failed to Act on Abuse Scandal,”
New York Times
, July 1, 2010.

20.
The papal document was a
motu proprio
, meaning “by his own hand” or “impulse,” a distinction signaling direct action by the pope. In this case
the language obscures reality. The available record on Pope John Paul II, including biographies by Jonathan Kwitny and George Weigel; his myopic support of the long-accused Father Marcial Maciel; his passive handling of Cardinal Hans Hermann Groër, who resigned as archbishop of Vienna in 1995 under accusations by former seminarians, suggest the opposite: the pope was locked in denial and viewed predatory priests as a marginal issue. A moral fundamentalist, Ratzinger abhorred the crisis—though he had no idea of its explosive impact to come in Boston—and insisted on taking canonical responsibility for such cases in the Vatican, thereby assisting the pope. In the
New York Times
article cited in note 18, journalists Goodstein and Halbfinger report that Ratzinger had greater authority that he should have used all along. They make a strong case.

21.
John Thavis, “CDF Official Details Response to Sex Abuse,” Catholic News Service,
National Catholic Reporter
, March 16, 2010. The official, Monsignor Charles Scicluna, said that only about 10 percent involved prepubescent children, while 60 percent involved priests who preyed on adolescent males.

22.
John Thavis, “Doctrinal Congregation Takes Control of Priestly Pedophilia Cases,” Catholic News Service, December 5, 2001.

23.
David Gibson,
The Coming Catholic Church
(San Francisco, 2003), p. 22.

24.
David France,
Our Fathers
(New York, 2004), p. 423.

25.
Ibid., p. 430.

26.
Jack Sullivan and Eric Convey, “Land Rich: Archdiocese Owns Millions in Unused Property,”
Boston Herald
, August 27, 2002. The plaintiff attorneys had made Law, not the archdiocese, a defendant. Legally, the cardinal was a corporation sole, which meant he had power over all church assets. Massachusetts law had a $20,000 limit on damages that a charitable organization could pay. But if officers of a group drew salaries, they could be sued personally. Garabedian had therefore sued Law and other hierarchs, though the funds would come from the church and its liability insurers.

27.
Michael Paulson, “After Abuse Scandals Many Priests Tread Warily,”
Boston Globe
, January 13, 2002.

28.
Michael Rezendes and Thomas Farragher, “Archdiocese Mortgages Law’s Home to Pay Debt,”
Boston Globe
, September 28, 2002.

29.
For King quotation, see Stewart Burns,
To the Mountaintop: Martin Luther King Jr.’s Mission to Save America
(San Francisco, 2004), p. 27. Bowers’s thoughts are from an unpublished essay used by permission.

30.
Michael Paulson, “58 Priests Send a Letter Urging Cardinal to Resign,”
Boston Globe
, December 10, 2002.

31.
Michael Rezendes and Walter V. Robinson, “Lennon Picks Sites for Sale, Eyes Court Test in Abuse Cases,”
Boston Globe
, December 23, 2002.

32.
Walter V. Robinson and Matt Carroll, “Lennon Is Viewed as Skilled Manager,”
Boston Globe
, December 14, 2002.

33.
Kevin Cullen, “Legends on the Waterfront,”
Boston Globe
, July 25, 2004. Billy Bolger was the pol; Kevin White the mayor.

34.
Brian Wallace, telephone interview with and e-mail to the author, August 24, 2009; Megan Tench, “4 Accuse Bishop of Breaking Promise,”
Boston Globe
, June 28, 2003.

35.
Megan Tench and Anand Vaishnav, “Catholic School in South Boston to Close,”
Boston Globe
, June 11, 2003.