Phoenix Program (81 page)

4
.  “Recommended Reorganization of the Phung Hoang Program” (State Department Telegram 196060 from Secretary of State William Rogers to Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker in Saigon, in response to COMUSMACV 129816).

5
.  Interview with Rob Simmons.

6
.  Colby interview.

7
.  Wall interview.

8
. 
“The Evolution of American Military Intelligence” (The U.S. Army Intelligence Center and School, Ft. Huachuca, Arizona, May 1973), p. 117.

9
.  Interview with Tom Polgar.

10
.  Enders interview.

11
.  Drosnin, p. 21.

12
.  Michael T. Klare, “Operation Phoenix and the Failure of Pacification in South Vietnam”
{Liberation,
May 1973), p. 25.

13
.  Interview with Lew Millett.

14
.  Interview with Stan Fulcher.

15
.  “An Tri Observations and Recommendations” (Saigon, MACCORDS, Phoenix Directorate, from John Tilton to the Director, CORDS PP&P, April 11, 1972), p. 1.

16
.  “An Tri Observations and Recommendations.”

17
.  “An Tri Reform” (Department of State Telegram 02917 from Ambassador Bunker in Saigon to Secretary of State William Rogers in Washington, March 1972), p. 1.

18
.  “An Tri” (Draft Airgram from Saigon embassy political officer Steven Winship to the Department of State on April 27, 1972), p. 2.

19
.  “Special Phung Hoang Campaign in the Delta” (State Department Telegram 271149Z, April 1972, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker).

20
.  “Presidential Decree Law on Administrative Detention and An Tri Proceedings”(State Department Telegram 050556Z, January 1973, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker).

21
.  “Phung Hoang Special Campaign (F6) Ends” (State Department Telegram 051334Z, January 1973, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker), p. 3.

22
.  “Phung Hoang Program” (Department of State Telegram 054228 from Secretary of State William Rogers to the Saigon embassy, March 1972), p. 2.

CHAPTER 29: Phoenix in Flames

1
.  Dillard interview.

2
.  Stein and Klare, “From the Ashes,” p. 159.

3
.  “Ceasefire and Political Sitrep MR 1, X Plus 137, June 14” (Department of State Telegram 141435Z from Charles Whitehouse, June 1973).

4
.  Interview with Bruce Lawlor.

5
.  Thayer, p. 103.

6
.  Brady interview.

7
.  Huy, p. 155.

8
.  McCollum interview.

9
.  Fred Branfman, “South Vietnam's Police and Prison System” in
Uncloaking the CIA,
ed. Howard Frazier (New York: The Free Press, 1978), p. 103.

10
.  Grieves interview.

11
.  Interview with Philip Agee in
Playboy,
March 1975, pp. 48–60.

12
.  “Master of Deceit” (NACLA's “Latin America and Empire Report,” December 10, 1974), pp. 13–15.

13
.  Robert Kaylor, UPI Bangkok, January 8, 1975.

14
.  “Phoenix Program—Another False UPI Report” (Department of State Telegram 111317Z from Ambassador Graham Martin to the Secretary of State, January 1973).

15
. 
PVT interview.

16
.  Snepp, p. 456.

17
.  Snepp, p. 567.

EPILOGUE

1
.  Fulcher interview.

2
.  Huy, pp. 168–170.

3
.  Allan Nairn, “Confessions of a Death Squad Officer,”
The Progressive,
March 1986, pp. 26–30.

4
.  Jay Peterzell, “The CIA and Political Violence in El Salvador,”
First Principles,
Vol. 10, No. 2, November/December 1984, pp. 1–2.

5
.  “George Bush's Iran-Contra Albatross,”
U.S. News & World Report,
January 18, 1988, p. 23.

6
.  “George Bush's Iran-Contra Albatross.”

7
.  Dennis Volkman, “Salvadoran Death Squads: A CIA Connection?,”
The Christian Science Monitor,
May 8, 1984.

8
. 
The Boston Globe,
July 10, 1984.

9
.  Pamela Constable, “El Salvador Targets Rebels' Volcano Stronghold,”
The Boston Globe,
January 1985.

10
.  James Dickey,
With the Contras
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), pp. 254–256.

11
.  Dickey, pp. 254–257.

12
. 
The New York Times,
November 2, 1984.

13
.  “Aides: CIA Chiefs Didn't Okay Guide,”
The Boston Globe,
October 24, 1984, p. 7.

14
.  “CIA Manual Said Based on Old Ideas,”
The Boston Globe,
October 29, 1984, p. 3.

15
.  “Reagan Now Says Manual Was Mistranslated,”
The New York Times,
November 4, 1984, p. 21.

16
.  Dickey, p. 257.

17
.  Beth Hawkins, “Pastora: North Was Behind Bombing,”
The Tico Times,
San Jose, Costa Rica, May 15, 1987.

Index

AA (Air America),
48
,
81
,
153
,
267

Abourezk, James,
413
,
415

Abrams, Creighton,
129
,
161
,
181
,
253
,
278
,
297
,
302
,
321
,
323
,
328–329
,
365–366
,
390

Abzug, Bella,
382

Acampora, Tulius,
121–123
,
134
,
137
,
146–149
,
174
,
176
,
180
,
186–187
,
319
,
373n

“Action Program for Attack on VC Infrastructure 1967–1968,”
142–158
,
160

Adams, Sam,
177
,
271–274
,
305
,
369

Advisor, The
(Cook),
191

Agee, Philip,
333
,
414

Agent Orange,
217–218

Ahearne, Tom,
383
,
384

AID (Agency for International Development),
44
,
51
,
71
,
81
,
92–93
,
96
,
99
,
125
,
132
,
217
,
301
,
366

Public Safety Division of,
see
Public Safety

AIK (Aid-in-Kind),
81
,
162
,
299

Akins, Dick,
105

Allen, George W.,
273

Allen, Herb,
390

Allende Gossens, Salvador,
333

Allito, Tony,
257

Almy, Dean,
139

Alsop, Joseph,
339

Anderson, Babe Ruth,
162

Anderson, Jack,
413

Anderson, William,
348

An Ninh,
40
,
42

ANSESAL (Salvadoran National Security Agency),
422

antiterrorism, counterterrorism contrasted to,
426

APC (accelerated pacification campaign),
257–265
,
281
,
294

Apple, R. W.,
68

APTs (armed propaganda teams),
43–44
,
46–47
,
54
,
56
,
65
,
106

Aristotle,
426

Arthur, John,
391

ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam):

intelligence operations of,
see
MSS

modus vivendi of,
230–231

Vietcong superior to,
51–52

A teams,
210–211
,
226

“Attack Against the Viet Cong Infrastructure” (Brickham),
118–120

Ayres, Drummond,
276

Babineau, Raymond,
32
,
35
,
41

Bable, Eugene P.,
281

Bailey, William,
394n

Bao Dai,
23–24
,
294

Barker, Frank,
344
,
345

Barlow, Jack,
79–80

Bartolomucci, Tony,
78–79

Bauer, Clyde,
34–35
,
217

Beamon, Mike,
170–171
,
207

Becker, Tom,
123

Ben (intelligence),
80

Benitez, Antonio Flores,
333

Bennett, Josiah,
385
,
391

Berkeley, Randolph,
152–153

Berry, John,
271

B-52 strikes,
211–212
,
217–218

Biet Kich,
59
,
83

Big Mack computer,
288–289

“Big” Minh,
see
Duong Van “Big” Minh

Binh Xuyen,
25
,
29
,
31
,
156

Bishop, Jerry,
351–357
,
359

Bissell, Richard,
47

Blackburn, Donald,
76
,
298

black propaganda,
48
,
49
,
50
,
339

Blanchard, George,
298

Blandon, Adolfo,
425

Bordenkircher, Donald,
292

Boston Globe,
425

Bradish, Richard,
261–262

Brady, Ed,
136
,
146
,
185
,
230–235
,
263
,
265
,
267
,
295
,
325
,
406
,
410–411

Brewer, Robert,
149–150
,
193
,
202–203
,
207
,
209

Brewster, Kingman,
166

Brickham, Nelson,
113
,
122
,
136
,
138
,
146
,
168
,
174
,
254
,
265
,
267
,
326

career of,
101–102

interviews with,
100
,
102–112
,
114–118
,
124
,
127–130
,
132–133
,
139–142
,
148

VCI as studied by,
118–119
,
130–132
,
142–143
,
151
,
154
,
291

Brogdon, James,
144
,
182

Brown, Dean,
407
,
417

Brown, Robert,
428

Brussell, Mae,
337

Buckley, Tom,
321

Buckley, William,
296
,
424

Buckley, William, Jr.,
339

Buddhist crisis,
38
,
44
,
305

Buddhists, Vietnamese,
46
,
52
,
61
,
95
,
143
,
303
,
304

Buhto, Junichi,
136–137
,
144
,
147

Bui Tu,
149–150

Bull, Kinloch,
105
,
137
,
139
,
167–168
,
172
,
255

Bumgartner, Everett,
49–50
,
54
,
257
,
320
,
417

Bunker, Ellsworth,
127
,
135
,
297
,
304
,
322
,
323
,
386
,
387
,
391
,
400–402

Burke, Tom,
105

Burmester, Walter,
368–369

Bush, George,
424
,
428

Butterfield, Fox,
405

Calley, William,
342
,
344

Cambodia,
34
,
75
,
90
,
128
,
210–211
,
214
,
253–254
,
281
,
314n

invasion of,
327–330

Can Lao Nham Vi,
24
,
25
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
31
,
38
,
41
,
179
,
303
,
411

Cao Dai religious sect,
22
,
25
,
29
,
62

Cao Minh Thiep,
329
,
330

Cao Van Vien,
232
,
303
,
411
,
417

Carey, Richard,
406

Carranza, Nicholas,
423n

Carver, George,
139–140
,
159
,
272–273
,
391
,
392

Case, Clifford,
319
,
320

Casey, William,
426

Castro, Fidel,
47–48

Castro, Ricardo,
422–424

Cavanaugh, Steve,
330

CDs (civilian detainees),
126
,
151–154
,
381
,
387

Census Grievance program,
63
,
124
,
179
,
277

as intelligence operation,
70
,
72–73
,
99
,
106–107
,
167

original purpose of,
66–67

Chamorro, Edgar,
427

Chiang Kai-shek,
23
,
37

Chieu Hoi (Open Arms) amnesty program,
98
,
99
,
107

defectors and,
51
,
83
,
109