Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East (88 page)

1
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the U.S.S.R. (ed.),
Stalin's Correspondence with Churchill, Attlee, Roosevelt and Truman 1941–1945
(New York, 1958), p. 11 (8 July 1941).

2
The nine-page document which Hopkins prepared for Roosevelt upon returning from his visit to the Soviet Union can be viewed online at the Franklin D. Roosevelt's Presidential Library and Museum: www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box5/a61h08.html. See also Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad
, p. 181; George C. Herring, Jr.,
Aid to Russia 1941–1946. Strategy, Diplomacy, The Origins of the Cold War
(New York, 1973), p. 12.

3
Weinberg,
A World At Arms
, p. 288; van Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear
, p. 164.

4
Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, p. 191; Rolf-Dieter Müller,
Der letzte deutsche Krieg
, p. 105. Recent research from Alexander Hill suggests that British tanks played an important role in the fighting at the end of 1941. See Alexander Hill, ‘British “Lend-Lease” Tanks and the Battle for Moscow, November–December 1941 – A Research Note’,
Journal of Slavic Military Studies
19(2) (June 2006), 289–294. See also Alexander Hill, ‘British Lend-Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 – June 1942’,
Journal of Military History
71(3) (July 2007), 773–808.

5
Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad
, p. 178.

6
Ibid.

7
Viktor Anfilov, ‘Zhukov’ in Harold Shukman (ed.),
Stalin's Generals
(London, 1993) p. 349.

8
Glantz,
Barbarossa
, pp. 123–124. See also Hoffmann, ‘Die Kriegführung aus der Sicht der Sowjetunion’, pp. 743–744; Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin
, pp. 790–791.

9
Glantz,
Battle for Smolensk
, pp. 56–57; Glantz,
Barbarossa
, p. 84.

10
‘3rd Pz. Gr. KTB 25.5.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA Microfilm 59054, Fol. 194 (6 August 1941).

11
Stahlberg,
Bounden Duty
, pp. 169–171.

12
‘3rd Pz. Gr. KTB 25.5.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA Microfilm 59054, Fol. 194 (6 August 1941).

13
‘KTB Nr.1 Panzergruppe 2 Bd.II vom 22.7.1941 bis 20.8.41’ BA-MA RH 21–2/928, Fol. 166 (7 August 1941).

14
‘Panzerarmeeoberkommandos Anlagen zum Kriegstagesbuch “Berichte, Besprechungen, Beurteilungen der Lage” Bd.IV 22.7.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA RH 21–3/47, Fol. 131 (6 August 1941).

15
Ibid., Fol. 142 (9 August 1941).

16
Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, KTB, p. 320 (5 August 1941).

17
Liddell Hart,
History of the Second World War
, p. 169.

18
Unlike the Germans’, the Soviet ‘total war’ was not one in the sense defined earlier by Ludendorff.

19
Estimates indicate that over a million Soviet women served in the Red Army or partisan detachments throughout the war and at its high point in 1943 women made up 8 per cent of the armed forces. Susanne Conze and Beate Fieseler, ‘Soviet Women as Comrades-in Arms: A Blind Spot in the History of the War’ in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch (eds.),
The People's War. Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union
(Chicago, 2000), p. 212; Reina Pennington, ‘Offensive Women: Women in Combat in the Red Army’ in Paul Addison and Angus Calder (eds.),
A Time to Kill. The Soldier's Experience of War in the West 1939–1945
(London, 1997), p. 249. According to another source 86 women won the distinguished medal Hero of the Soviet Union (Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, p. 214). On 29 June 1941 Kluge issued an order that all women captured in the uniform of the Red Army were to be shot. This was contested by the OKH, but still extensively carried out (Megargee,
War of Annihilation
, p. 59).

20
Fuchs Richardson (ed.),
Sieg Heil!
, p. 119 (17 July 1941). See also Meier-Welcker,
Aufzeichnungen
, p. 127 (15 August 1941). Testimony by infantryman Walter Neustifter in Guido Knopp,
Der Verdammte Krieg. ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’: Überfall auf die Sowjetunion 1939–41
(Munich, 1998), p. 135.

21
Von Luck,
Panzer Commander
, pp. 57–58. See also: Vasily Grossman,
A Writer at War. Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941–1945
, ed. Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova (New York, 2005), p. 13; Lubbeck with Hurt,
At Leningrad's Gates
, p. 112; Erhard Raus,
Panzer Operations. The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945
ed. Steven H. Newton (Cambridge MA, 2005), p. 87. Another source claimed that the use of dogs by the Red Army was not quite so successful because the dogs could not distinguish between Soviet and German tanks and sometimes Red Army vehicles were destroyed (Lucas,
War of the Eastern Front
, p. 118).

22
Merridale,
Ivan's War
, pp. 50–51 and 106.

23
Kempowski (ed.),
Das Echolot Barbarossa ’41
, p. 152 (29 June 1941).

24
Erhard Rauss, ‘Russian Combat Methods in World War II’, pp. 21–22; Hürter,
Ein deutscher General
, p. 70 (22 July 1941); Günter K. Koschorrek,
Blood Red Snow. The Memoirs of a German Soldier on the Eastern Front
(London, 2002), pp. 69 and 152.

25
Von Manstein,
Lost Victories
, pp. 180–181.

26
On German planning for the political control and economic exploitation of the Soviet Union see Kay,
Exploitation
.

27
Robbins Landon and Leitner (eds.),
Diary of a German Soldier
, pp. 90–91 (6 August 1941).

28
Kleindienst (ed.),
Sei tausendmal gegrüßt
. Accompanying this book is a CD Rom with some 1,600 letters mostly unpublished in the book. The quoted letter appears only on the CD Rom and can be located by its date 10 August 1941.

29
‘Panzerarmeeoberkommandos Anlagen zum Kriegstagesbuch “Berichte, Besprechungen, Beurteilungen der Lage” Bd.IV 22.7.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA RH 21–3/47, Fol. 142 (9 August 1941).

30
Ibid., Fol. 160 (no date given on document).

31
Guderian's letters as cited by Macksey,
Guderian
, p. 142.

32
Franz Halder, KTB III, p. 164 (8 August 1941).

33
Ibid., p. 169 (10 August 1941).

34
‘Kriegstagebuch Nr.1 (Band August 1941) des Oberkommandos der Heeresgruppe Mitte’ BA-MA RH 19II/386, p. 277 (9 August 1941).

35
Fedor von Bock, KTB ‘Osten I’, Fol. 56,
War Diary
, p. 275 (7 August 1941).

36
Ibid., Fol. 56, p. 276 (7 August 1941).

37
‘3rd Pz. Gr. KTB 25.5.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA Microfilm 59054, Fol. 196 (7 August 1941).

38
Ibid. (7 August 1941).

39
KTB OKW, Volume II, p. 1043, Document 88 (4 August 1941); Mendelssohn,
Die Nürnberger Dokumente
, p. 398.

40
‘3rd Pz. Gr. KTB 25.5.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA Microfilm 59054, Fol. 199 (9 August 1941). See also Fedor von Bock, KTB ‘Osten I’, Fol. 58,
War Diary
, p. 278 (9 August 1941).

41
Weather reports are provided in the Panzer Group 3's war diary for each day.

42
‘3rd Pz. Gr. KTB 25.5.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA Microfilm 59054, Fol. 198 (8 August 1941).

43
Italics in the original. Meier-Welcker,
Aufzeichnungen
, p. 127 (9 August 1941).

44
‘Kriegstagebuch Nr.1 (Band August 1941) des Oberkommandos der Heeresgruppe Mitte’ BA-MA RH 19II/386, p. 261 (8 August 1941).

45
‘KTB Nr.1 Panzergruppe 2 Bd.II vom 22.7.1941 bis 20.8.41’ BA-MA RH 21–2/928, Fol. 170 (7 August 1941).

46
‘Tagesmeldungen der Heeresgruppe Mitte vom 6.8.41 bis 26.8.41’ BA-MA RH 19 II/130, Fol. 18 (8 August 1941).

47
‘Kriegstagebuch der O.Qu.-Abt. Pz. A.O.K.2 von 21.6.41 bis 31.3.42’ BA-MA RH 21–2/819, Fols. 254–255 (7 August 1941).

48
‘KTB 3rd Pz. Div. I.b 19.5.41 – 6.2.42’ BA-MA RH 27–3/218 (8 August 1941).

49
Müller, ‘Das Scheitern der wirtschaftlichen “Blitzkriegstrategie”’, p. 976.

50
‘Kriegstagesbuch 19.Panzer-Division Abt.Ib für die Zeit vom 1.6.1941 – 31.12.1942’ BA-MA RH 27–19/23, Fol. 25 (6 August 1941).

51
‘Kriegstagebuch der O.Qu.-Abt. Pz. A.O.K.2 von 21.6.41 bis 31.3.42’ BA-MA RH 21–2/819, Fols. 237 (10 August 1941).

52
Underlining in the original. ‘Panzerarmeeoberkommandos Anlagen zum Kriegstagesbuch “Berichte, Besprechungen, Beurteilungen der Lage” Bd.IV 22.7.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA RH 21–3/47, Fol. 176 (10 August 1941).

53
Underlining in the original.

54
‘Kriegstagesbuch Nr.2 des XXXXVI.Pz.Korps Teil II. 8.7.41 – 23.8.41’ BA-MA RH 24–46/8, Fol. 204 (8 August 1941).

55
‘KTB Nr.1 Panzergruppe 2 Bd.II vom 22.7.1941 bis 20.8.41’ BA-MA RH 21–2/928, Fol. 203 (10 August 1941).

56
Fedor von Bock, KTB ‘Osten I’, Fol. 59,
War Diary
, p. 278 (10 August 1941).

57
‘Kriegstagesbuch Nr.2 des XXXXVI.Pz.Korps Teil II. 8.7.41 – 23.8.41’ BA-MA RH 24–46/8, Fol. 204 (8 August 1941).

58
‘Kriegstagebuch Nr.2 XXXXVII.Pz.Korps. Ia 25.5.1941 – 22.9.1941’ BA-MA RH 24–47/2 (9 August 1941).

59
‘3rd Pz. Gr. KTB 25.5.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA Microfilm 59054, Fol. 200 (9 August 1941).

60
Fedor von Bock, KTB ‘Osten I’, Fols. 56–57,
War Diary
, pp. 276–277 (8 August 1941).

61
Franz Halder, KTB III, p. 164 (8 August 1941).

62
Fedor von Bock, KTB ‘Osten I’, Fol. 61,
War Diary
, p. 280 (12 August 1941).

63
‘Kriegstagebuch Nr.1 (Band August 1941) des Oberkommandos der Heeresgruppe Mitte’ BA-MA RH 19II/386, p. 273 (9 August 1941).

64
Boog, ‘Die Luftwaffe’, p. 661.

65
Von Kotze (ed.),
Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938–1943
, p. 108 (6 August 1941).

66
Fedor von Bock, KTB ‘Osten I’, Fol. 58,
War Diary
, p. 278 (9 August 1941).

67
Franz Halder, KTB III, pp. 157–158 (6 August 1941).

68
Ibid., p. 159 (7 August 1941). Italics in the original.

69
Ibid., pp. 159–160 (7 August 1941).

70
Ibid., pp. 164–165 (8 August 1941).

71
Von Kotze (ed.),
Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938–1943
, p. 108 (8 August 1941).

72
Trevor-Roper (ed.),
Hitler's Table Talk
, p. 25 (nights of 8–11 August).

73
Von Kotze (ed.),
Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938–1943
, p. 109 (9 August 1941).

74
Warlimont,
Im Hauptquartier
, Band I, p. 201.

75
KTB OKW, Volume II, pp. 1043–1044 (10 August 1941).

76
‘Kriegstagebuch Nr.1 (Band August 1941) des Oberkommandos der Heeresgruppe Mitte’ BA-MA RH 19II/386, p. 283 (10 August 1941).

77
Ibid., p. 340 (17 August 1941).

78
Munoz and Romanko,
Hitler's White Russians
, pp. 157–158.

79
These were the 221st, 403rd and the 286th Security Divisions. Army Groups North and South were also allocated three security divisions each.

80
In the United States this equals about the size of Iowa or in Germany the combined states of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. See Hürter,
Hitlers Heerführer
, p. 410.

81
‘Kriegstagesbuch Ia. 14.Inf.Div. (mot) vom 25.5.41 – 1.10.41’ BA-MA RH 26–14/10, Fol. 120 (16 August 1941).

82
‘Kriegstagebuch Nr.2 der 29.I.D. (mot) vom: 30.7.1941 bis 25.8.1941’ BA-MA RH 26–29/16, pp. 50 and 52 (20 and 22 August 1941).

83
‘Kriegstagebuch Nr.2 XXXXVII.Pz.Korps. Ia 25.5.1941 – 22.9.1941’ BA-MA RH 24–47/2 (19 August 1941).

84
Ibid. (22 August 1941).

85
‘Kriegstagebuch 4.Panzer-Division Führungsabtl. 26.5.41 – 31.3.42’ BA-MA RH 27–4/10, p. 118 (23 August 1941).

86
‘3rd Pz. Gr. KTB 25.5.41 – 31.8.41’ BA-MA Microfilm 59054, Fol. 232 (23 August 1941).

87
‘Kriegstagebuch der 10.Panzer Division Nr.5 vom: 22.5. bis: 7.10.41’ BA-MA RH 27–10/26b (10 August 1941).

88
Shepherd,
War in the Wild East
, p. 95.

89
Lithuania was handed over starting in late July and ending on 1 August. Latvia and Belorussia were added on 1 September and Estonia was incorporated on 5 December 1941.

90
Hill,
The War Behind the Eastern Front
, p. 12; Shepherd,
War in the Wild East
, pp. 77–78.