Nutrition (33 page)

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Authors: Sarah Brewer

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BOOK: Nutrition
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caffeine
124
calciferol
see
vitamin D
calcitrol
87–8
calcium
absorption
98
,
99
blood levels of
148
deficiency
65
,
96
,
100
dietary sources
100
,
170
,
182
,
216
function
99
and heart disease
89
recommended and upper safe levels
94
t
toxicity
10
UK intake
63
t
,
64
t
calorie restriction, and longevity
xi–xii
,
220
calories
38–9
,
42–3
cancer
and agricultural chemicals
168
and low selenium intake
112
carbohydrates
14–23
benefits of cereal breakfast
180–81
and blood fat levels
59
dietary fibre
21–3
energy per gram
44
function
14–15
and glycaemic index/load (GI/GL)
18–20
,
177–80
,
231
types of
15–16
and weight loss
178
,
230–31
cardiovascular disease
36
,
59
carotenodermia
128
carotenoids
127–32
catechins
124–6
cell drinking (pinocytosis)
96
cell respiration
46
,
52
chelators
97–8
chickpeas
192
children
69
,
70
,
120
,
164
,
180
chloride
94
t
,
101
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
67
t
,
87
cholecystokinin hormone (CCK)
8
,
225
cholesterol
function
34
and garlic
134–5
high levels of
26
lowering of
37
,
132–3
,
227
and nuts
37
,
194
,
195
optimal levels
36
and probiotics
139
,
140
source of
33
,
34
t
and trans-fats
32–3
and wholegrains
179
chromium
94
,
94
t
,
101–2
chyme
3
citric acid cycle
50–51
,
54
citrus fruit
184
,
189
t
Clostridium difficile
139,
141
cobalt
78
cod liver oil
203
coeliac disease
10
coffee, and iron absorption
98
,
216
colon
7–8
,
226
constipation
10
,
97
cooking methods
27
,
206–7
,
209–210
coronary heart disease
see
heart disease
cortisol hormone
226–7
cramp
49
Crohn’s disease
97
daidzein
119
,
120
,
193
dairy products
196
,
197
t
dehydration
145–6
depression
203–4
diabetes
and fish oils
204–5
and leptin
225
likelihood indicator
225
and obesity
221
and tea
125
and weight loss
227
,
231
diaphragm
49
diarrhoea
10
,
97
,
139
,
140–41
diets
Japanese
119–20
,
121
,
122
Mediterranean
207–9
for weight loss
178
,
228–32
digestion
1–11
disaccharides
15–16
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
28–31
,
199–200
,
201
,
202–4
Dukan diet
230–31
duodenum
3
,
8
,
225
E numbers
163
Eatwell Plate
173–4
eczema 28,
30
eggs
37
,
129
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
28–31
,
199–200
,
201
,
202–4
electrolytes
147
,
148
electron transport chain
51–2
energy
38–59
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
39–40
cell respiration equation
46
,
52
definitions
38–9
and food processing
12
from dietary proteins
52–3
from glucose
45–52
requirements
41–3
stores of
14
enzymes
5
,
94
epinephrine
53
equol
120
,
139
ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
87
exercise
45
,
54
,
226–7
eyesight
70
,
84
,
131–2
fats, dietary
23–33
conversion to energy
53–4
energy per gram
44
guidelines daily amounts
211–12
in meat
205–6
,
206
t
in nuts
193–4
fatty acids
beta-oxidation
54
essential
27–31
essential fatty-acid deficiency
31–2
food sources
25
t
,
30–31
free fatty acids (carboxylic acids)
23–4
function
23
,
29
and glucose
57
and mineral absorption
98
and probiotics
139
saturated fats
25
t
,
26
trans-fatty acids
32–3
triglycerides
5
,
14
,
17
,
24–5
types
23–4
fish oils
200–205
fishitarians
214
5:2 diet
229
fizzy drinks
149
,
150
t
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
51
,
73
flavonoids
118–27
fluorescein
187–8
fluoridation, of water
104
,
147
fluoride
103–4
folates/folic acid (vitamin B9)
xv
,
7
,
63
t
,
64
t
,
66
,
81–3
food additives
163–6
,
167–9
food labelling
210–212
free fatty acids (carboxylic acids)
23–4
fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)
142
fructose
5
,
15
,
16
,
182
fruit juices
184–5
galactose
5
,
15
gall bladder
4
,
225
game meat
205
,
206
t
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)
28
,
29
t
,
194
garlic
134–6
gastric intrinsic factor
6
,
10
,
79
gastroenteritis
139
,
141
genistein
119
,
120
,
186
,
193
ghrelin hormone
224
glucagon
17–18
,
53
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
225
gluconeogenesis
55–7
Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF)
75
,
101–2
glucosinolates
136
glutamic acid
164
Glycaemic Index/Load (GI/GL)
18–20
,
177–8
,
231
glycerol
5
glycogen
14
,
17
,
57–8
glycogenesis
57–8
glycolysis
46–50
guidelines
fruit and vegetables per day
182–4
Guideline Daily Amounts
211–12
mineral daily amounts
94–5
t
UK Eatwell Plate
173–4
vegetarian diet
217–18
vitamin daily amounts
66–8
,
67
t
haemochromatosis
86
,
107–8
hazelnuts
195
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol
26
,
35–7
,
75
,
121
,
194
,
227
heart disease
and acid-forming foods
154–5
and alcohol
157
and antioxidants
187
and dehydration
146
and fish oils
200
and isoflavones
121

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