Nixon and Mao (49 page)

2. Xiong, “Jiang Qing,” p. 61.

3. Author interview with John Burns.

4. Cronkite, p. 322; NPM, Dwight Chapin Files, Box 28, Folder: Memoranda to Official/Unofficial Parties.

5.
USOH,
Freeman.

6. Mancall, p. 24;
Financial Times
(London), May 7–8, 2005.

7. Holdridge, p. 79; Walker, pp. 237, 409–10.

8. Walker, p. 229.

9. Chen and Hong, pp. 310–11;
WHY,
p. 1069; Haig, p. 259.

10. NPM, Dwight Chapin Files, Folder: Memoranda to Official/Unofficial Parties.

11. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 415.

12. Holdridge, pp. 86–87.

13. Author interview with John Burns.

14. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 59.

15. Garment, p. 111.

16. Ehrlichman, pp. 263–64; Greenberg, p. 128.

17. Ehrlichman, pp. 273–74.

18. Chapin interview,
PCC
transcripts, roll 46, p. 5.

19. Greenberg, p. 137.

20. Ehrlichman, pp. 264–69.

21. Greenberg, p. 146.

22. Ibid., p. 155.

23. Memorandum of Conversation, July 11, 1971, 10:35
A.M.–
11:55
A.M.,
NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 5.

24. Greenberg, p. 276; Frankel, p. 349.

25. Memorandum for Henry A. Kissinger, August 6, 1971, “Conversations with Chou En-lai, July 10, afternoon sessions,” NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, pp. 18–19.

26. Rather,
Camera,
p. 230.

27. Wen, p. 1735.

28. Holdridge, p. 70.

29. Author interview with Li Qin.

30. Memorandum of Conversation, October 23, 1971, 9:05–10:05
P.M.,
NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 14, p. 8.

31. Memorandum of Meeting, January 7, 1972, 11:45
P.M.,
NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 25, p. 4; Haig, pp. 262–63.

32. Walker, p. 308.

33. Halstead, p. 6; Walker, pp. 21, 246.

34. Halstead, p. 4.

35. Ibid., p. 5.

36. Thomas,
Dateline,
p. 139;
Front Row,
p. 187; Kraft, p. 9.

37. Thomas,
Dateline,
pp. 140–41; Walker, p. 84.

38. Author interview with Yu Jiafu.

39. Halstead, pp. 6–7.

40. Hevia, p. 117 and chapter 5 passim.

41. Text available at The American Presidency Project.

42. Holdridge, p. 87.

43.
USOH,
Freeman.

44. Ibid.

45. Text available at The American Presidency Project.

46. Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 416.

47. Ibid., p. 415.

48. Buckley, p. 87; quoted in Hersh, p. 495.

49. Holdridge, p. 87.

50. Author interview with John Burns.

51. Haldeman,
Diaries,
pp. 415–16.

CHAPTER 11: OPENING MOVES

1.
WHY,
p. 187.

2. See interview with Haig, “Nixon’s China Game,” PBS Web site.

3. Kissinger interview, December 19, 1998,
PCC
transcripts 1/V, p. 2.

4.
WHY,
pp. 189–90.

5. Kissinger interview, December 19, 1998,
PCC
transcripts 1/V, p. 2.

6.
USOH,
Holdridge.

7.
USOH,
Nichols.

8. Ibid.

9.
USOH,
Holdridge.

10. Ibid.

11. Secret Cable 427, February 18, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00055.

12.
FRUS, Foundations,
p. 79.

13. Department of State, Next Steps in China Policy, October 6, 1971, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00079.

14. Walters, p. 526.

15. Holdridge, p, 32; Aijazuddin, p. 3.

16. Secret Cable 2547, August 12, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00075; Secret Cable 2618, August 18, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00077.

17. National Security Study Memorandum, NSSM 14, February 5, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00043.

18.
WHY,
p. 169.

19. Hoff, pp. 196–97.

20. Ma, p. 298.

21. Mann, p. 22.

22. Foot, “Redefinitions,” pp. 277–78, 280.

23. Confidential Cable 1720, June 9, 1969, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00070.

24. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 245; Mann, p. 62.

25. Zhang Baijia, p. 68.

26. Barnouin and Yu, p. 99.

27. Ibid., pp. 99–100.

28.
USOH,
Supplement, Buche.

29. Author interview with John Fraser.

30. Edmonds.

31. Author interview with Chen Weiming.

32.
USOH,
Jenkins.

33. Ma, p. 326.

34. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 250.

35.
WHY,
p. 190.

36.
RN,
p. 545.

37. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
pp. 250–52; Secret Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, 1970, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00143.

38. Mann, p. 24; Holdridge, p. 37.

39.
WHY,
pp. 684–85.

40.
WHY,
p. 692; Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 252.

41. Safire, pp. 206–07.

42.
RN,
p. 546.

43. Walters, pp. 526–27.

44. Ibid., pp. 534–38.

45. Ibid., pp. 529–30.

46. Aijazuddin, p. 30.

47. Ma, pp. 327–28;
WHY,
pp. 701–02.

48.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
p. 450.

49. See, for example, Aijazuddin, pp. 58–59.

50.
Mao Zedong on Diplomacy,
pp. 449–50.

51. Holdridge, p. 41.

52.
WHY,
pp. 702–03;
RN,
p. 547.

53. Aijazuddin, pp. 42–43.

54.
WHY,
pp. 701–02;
RN,
pp. 549–50; Aijazuddin, pp. 52–53.

55. Memorandum of Conversation, July 11, 1971, 10:35
A.M.–
11:55
A.M.,
NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38, p. 3;
WHY,
p. 736.

56. Isaacson, pp. 338–39.

57.
RN,
p. 548.

58.
WHY,
pp. 704–05.

59. Ma, pp. 328–29.

60. Chen and Lin, pp. 250–55.

61. Ma, p. 329.

62.
USOH,
Levin.

63. Boggan interview,
PCC
transcripts, 1/V; Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 260.

64. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 261.

65. Zhang Baijia, p. 73.

66. Ma, p. 230.

67.
USOH,
Cunningham; Brown interview,
PCC
transcripts.

68. Interview with Boggan,
PCC
transcripts.

69. Barnouin and Yu, pp. 103–04:
WHY,
p. 710.

70.
Globe and Mail
(Toronto), April 15, 1971.

71. Ibid.; Boggan interview,
PCC
transcripts; Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 262.

72.
WHY,
p. 710.

73. Copy in NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 15.

74. Copy in NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 19.

75.
RN,
p. 549; Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 275.

76.
WHY,
p. 721.

77. Ibid., pp. 716–17.

78. Aijazuddin, pp. 58–59.

79. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 263, n. 113.

80.
WHY,
p. 725.

81. Bill Brown interview,
PCC
transcripts, 1/V, p. 12.

82. Message for the Government of the People’s Republic of China, May 20, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 24.

83. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
pp. 264–65.

84.
WHY,
pp. 726–27; Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 295;
RN,
pp. 551–52; Mann, p. 29.

85.
RN,
p. 552.

CHAPTER 12: THE SECRET VISIT

1.
RN,
p. 552.

2. Aijazuddin, p. 67.

3.
RN,
p. 550; Isaacson, pp. 339–40; Haldeman,
Diaries,
p. 282;
WHY,
pp. 715–17; telecon, The President/Mr. Kissinger, 8:18
P.M.,
April 27, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 18.

4.
RN,
p. 550;
WHY,
p. 717.

5.
WHY,
p. 734.

6.
USOH,
Supplement, Farland;
WHY,
p. 738; Kissinger interview,
PCC
transcripts, 1/V, p. 18.

7. Hilaly to Kissinger, June 19, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 29; Aijazuddin, pp. 102–05;
USOH,
Supplement, Farland.

8. Zhang Baijia, pp. 74–75; Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
pp. 262–65.

9. NPM, NSC Files, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations, Box 850, Folder 3, pp. 1–5.

10. Memorandum for the President’s Files, July 1, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 33;
WHY,
pp. 735–36.

11.
WHY,
pp. 728–29; Hersh, pp. 466–76.

12. Aijazuddin, p. 81, n. 25.

13.
WHY,
p. 725; Hanhimäki, pp. 116–20, 124; Bundy, p. 233.

14.
WHY,
p. 729; Holdridge, p. 52.

15. Holdridge, p. 52.

16. Author interview with Gordon Barass;
USOH,
Supplement, Lord.

17. Wicker, pp. 594–95;
WHY,
p. 749.

18.
USOH,
Supplement, Lord.

19. Holdridge, p. 55;
USOH,
Supplement, Lord;
WHY,
p. 753.

20. Haldeman,
Diaries,
pp. 289, 316.

21.
USOH,
Holdridge; Chen and Lin, p. 266.

22. Author interview with Zhang Hanzhi.

23. Memorandum of Conversation, July 9, 1971, Afternoon and Evening, NSA Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 34.

24. Ibid., pp. 6, 21; Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 2.

25. Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 2.

26. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 267; Barnouin and Changgen, p. 107.

27. Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 3;
USOH,
Lord.

28. Memorandum of Conversation, July 10, 1971, Afternoon, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 35, p. 9.

29. Ibid., p. 9.

30. Ibid., pp. 2–13, 7.

31. Ibid., pp. 10, 13.

32. Ibid., pp. 14–18.

33. Ibid., pp. 18, 20.

34. Ibid., pp. 21, 32;
USOH,
Supplement, Lord; Holdridge, pp. 59–60.

35.
USOH,
Supplement, Lord; Bundy, p. 241.

36.
WHY,
p. 751.

37. Ibid., pp. 751–52.

38. Memorandum of Conversation, July 11, 1971, Early Morning and Morning, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 37, pp. 1–2;
WHY,
pp. 751–53; Barnouin and Yu, pp. 107–08; Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 268.

39. Memorandum of Conversation, July 11, 1971, 10:35
A.M.–
11:55
A.M. NSA,
Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 38.

40.
WHY,
p. 753; Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 2.

41. Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, pp. 5, 6, 26;
WHY,
pp. 1055–56.

42. Memorandum for the President, July 14, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 40, p. 26;
WHY,
pp. 744–47; Valeriani, p. 95.

43.
USOH,
Supplement, Farland;
USOH,
Green, chap. V.

44.
USOH,
Supplement, Farland;
WHY,
pp. 755–56; Haig interview,
PCC
transcripts, 2/32, p. 5; Henry Kissinger to General Haig, July 11, 1971, NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 66, Doc. 39.

45.
WHY,
p. 758; Haldeman,
Diaries,
pp. 318–20; Brandon, p. 278.

46.
WHY,
p. 760; Ehrlichman, p. 293.

47.
USOH,
Freeman;
WHY,
p. 761.

48. Haldeman,
Diaries,
pp. 321, 323–24;
RN,
pp. 554–55; Bundy, pp. 240–41.

49. Isaacson, p. 347;
USOH,
Supplement, Galloway; Hanhimäki, pp. 144–45; Arbatov, p. 180; Wishnick,
Mending Fences,
pp. 58–59; Ma, p. 301.

50. Hersh, p. 442; Kalb, p. 268; Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 269.

51. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 269; Hoxha, pp. 560, 577.

52. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
pp. 269–70.

53. Schoenhals, p. 111, n. 108; Jin, pp. 80, 129, 135–36, 146; Li Zhisui, pp. 453–54.

54. Jin, p. 146, chapter 7 passim; Chang and Halliday, pp. 580–83.

55. Short,
Mao,
pp. 614–15; Li Zhisui, pp. 542–43; Ma, pp. 142–43, 355–56, 378, 401.

56. See, for example,
WHY,
pp. 696–97, 768–69.

57. Chen Jian,
Mao’s China,
p. 270.

58. Barnouin and Yu, p. 193.

59. Burr,
Kissinger Transcripts,
p. 61.

60. Li Jie, pp. 60–61.

61. Barnouin and Yu, p. 195; Kraft, p. 18; Li Danhui, p. 186; author interview with Yanhua Shi; Tao, p. 349.

CHAPTER 13: GETTING READY

1. Walker, pp. 183, 148, 167, 94.

2.
USOH,
Freeman.

3. Walters, pp. 533–41.

4. Memorandum of Conversation, October 20, 1971, 4:40
P.M.
–7:10
P.M.,
NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 10, p. 7.

5.
WHY,
p. 775.

6. Memorandum of Conversation, October 23, 1971, 9:05
P.M.
–10:05
P.M.,
NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 14, p. 12.

7.
WHY,
pp. 776–78; Diplomatic History Institute of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Xin Zhongguo Wenjiao Fengyun
, vol. 3, pp. 59–70 (available at NSA, Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 21), p. 3.