New York at War (63 page)

43
Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
12–13.

44
Ibid., 24, 26.

45
Melendez,
We Took the Streets
, 67.

46
Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
49; Abbie Hoffman,
The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman
(New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2000), 82–83.

47
Gitlin,
The Sixties
, 90; Melendez,
We Took the Streets
, 68.

48
Hoffman,
Autobiography
, 107–108; Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
110–114; Douglas Robinson, “Throngs to Parade to the U.N. Today for Antiwar Rally,”
New York Times
, April 15, 1967, 1; Douglas Robinson, “100,000 Rally at U.N. Against Vietnam War,”
New York Times
, April 16, 1967, 1; Mark Rudd,
Underground: My Life with SDS and the Weathermen
(New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 30–31.

49
Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
51, 56–57, 81, 112–113. Another act of protest was the self-immolation by a young Catholic Worker, Roger La-Porte, who doused himself with gasoline and set himself on fire outside the United Nations on November 9, 1965, one week after a Quaker named Norman Morrison similarly burned himself to death outside the Pentagon. Both pacifists were emulating the suicides of Buddhist monks protesting the Diem regime in South Vietnam.

50
Kenneth T. Jackson, “The City Loses the Sword: The Decline of Major Military Activity in the New York Metropolitan Region,” in Lotchin, ed.,
The Martial Metropolis
, 151–162.

51
Vincent J. Cannato,
The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York
(New York: Basic Books, 2001), 133.

52
Ibid., 400–401, 407; Jennifer S. Light,
From Warfare to Welfare: Defense Intellectuals and Urban Problems in Cold War America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 62.

53
James Simon Kunen,
The Strawberry Statement: Notes of a College Revolutionary
(New York: Random House, 1969), 120.

54
Cannato,
Ungovernable City
, 239–243, 253–254, 257.

55
Ibid., 243; Rudd,
Underground
, 115; Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
167–168; Nicolas Pileggi, “Revolutionaries Who Have to be Home by 7:30,”
New York Times
, March 16, 1969, SM26.

56
Richard Reeves, “Mayor Urges Youths to Aid War Resistance,”
New York Times
, March 20, 1968, 1; John V. Lindsay,
The City
(New York: Norton, 1970), 39, 204.

57
Gitlin,
The Sixties
, 183; Rudd,
Underground
, 43, 168–169.

58
“State Presidential Vote,”
New York Times
, November 4, 1964, 24; Daniel C. Hallin,
The “Uncensored War”: The Media and Vietnam
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 11, 218; Melendez,
We Took the Streets
, 33.

59
Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
92, 101, 168.

60
Cannato,
Ungovernable City
, 122–124, 427.

61
Murray Schumach, “70,000 Turn Out to Back U.S. Men in Vietnam War,”
New York Times
, May 14, 1967, 1; Hoffman,
Autobiography
, 108.

62
Rudd,
Underground
, 29; Cannato,
Ungovernable City
, 245–246, 258–260, 627 n39.

63
Cannato,
Ungovernable City
, 246, 260.

64
Homer Bigart, “War Foes Here Attacked by Construction Workers,”
New York Times
, May 9, 1970, 1; Linda Charlton, “Some Protests Heckled; Fires Reported at Colleges,”
New York Times
, May 9, 1970, 10; ibid., 448–449.

65
Cannato,
Ungovernable City
, 449–452.

66
Ibid., 452–453; Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
334–335; Homer Bigart, “Huge City Hall Rally Backs Nixon’s Indochina Policies,”
New York Times
, May 21, 1970, 1.

67
Victor Gotbaum, Anti–Vietnam War address (c. 1970), VHS 25—Can 2282, WNYC videotape collection, Municipal Archives of New York City; Bigart, “Huge City Hall Rally,” 1.

68
Bigart, “Huge City Hall Rally,” 1.

69
Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
387; Gitlin,
The Sixties
, 379.

70
Zaroulis and Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up?
420; Paul L. Montgomery, “End-of-War Rally Brings Out 50,000,” May 12, 1975, 1.

71
Jennifer Leaning and Langley Keyes, “Introduction,” in
The Counterfeit Ark: Crisis Relocation for Nuclear War
, ed. Jennifer Leaning and Langley Keys (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, 1984), xvii; Winkler,
Life Under a Cloud
, 133.

72
Leaning and Keyes, “Introduction,” xviii; Winkler,
Life Under a Cloud
, 133–134.

73
Jonathan Schell,
The Fate of the Earth
(New York: Knopf, 1982), 47–54.

74
Paul L. Montgomery, “Throngs Fill Manhattan to Protest Nuclear Weapons,”
New York Times
, June 13, 1982, 1; Anna Quindlen, “About New York: Earnestness as Whimsey in a Colorful Panorama,”
New York Times
, June 13, 1982, 43.

75
Quindlen, “About New York,” 43.

Chapter 10

1
Lawrence Wright,
The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 9–10, 12, 14–15.

2
Ibid., 32, 36–37.

3
Randall D. Law,
Terrorism: A History
(Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2009), 65.

4
Douglas Robinson, “Townhouse Razed by Blast and Fire; Man’s Body Found,”
New York Times
, March 7, 1970, 1.

5
Linda Charlton, “‘Village’ Fire Victim Identified as Leader of ’68 Columbia Strike,”
New York Times
, March 9, 1970, 32; Robert D. McFadden, “More Body Parts Discovered in Debris of Blast on 11th Street,”
New York Times
, March 16, 1970, 49.

6
Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984), 301; Abbie Hoffman,
The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman
(New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2000), 248.

7
Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1993), 402.

8
Mark Rudd,
Underground: My Life with SDS and the Weathermen
(New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 313; ibid., 377.

9
Vincent Burns and Kate Dempsey Peterson,
Terrorism: A Documentary and Reference Guide
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 35, 36.

10
Rudd,
Underground
, 192–193; Cathy Wilkerson,
Flying Close to the Sun: My Life and Times as a Weatherman
(New York: Seven Stories Press, 2007), 324–325; Morris Kaplan, “Bomb Plot Is Laid to 21 Panthers,”
New York Times
, April 3, 1969, 1; Emanuel Perlmutter, “Justice Murtagh’s Home Target of 3 Fire Bombs,”
New York Times
, February 22, 1970, 1.

11
Rudd,
Underground
, 194–195
;
Wilkerson,
Flying Close
, 340–341.

12
Homer Bigart, “Many Buildings Evacuated Here in Bomb Scares,”
New York Times
, March 13, 1970, 1; “History of Bombings Before ‘Village’ Explosion,”
New York Times
, March 13, 1970, 26; Michael Knight, “15 at the Electric Circus Injured in Bomb Explosion,”
New York Times
, March 23, 1970, 1.

13
Peter Kihss, “Three Castro Foes Arrested in Firing of Bazooka at U.N.,”
New York Times
, December 23, 1964, 1; Vincent J. Cannato,
The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York
(New York: Basic Books, 2001), 478–481; Joseph P. Fried, “2 Policemen Slain by Shots in Back; 2 Men Are Sought,”
New York Times
, May 22, 1971, 1.

14
Beverly Gage,
The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 24.

15
“Bomb Kills One; Police Escape,”
New York Times
, March 29, 1908, 1; “No ‘Red’ Plot, Say the Police,”
New York Times
, March 30, 1908, 1; “Bomb Thrower Tells All,”
New York Times
, April 7, 1908, 1; Ibid., 96, 99, 101, 104–106.

16
Julian F. Jaffe,
Crusade Against Radicalism: New York During the Red Scare, 1914–1924
(Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1972), 87–88, 93.

17
Gage,
The Day Wall Street
, 31–37, 171, 329–330.

18
Ibid., 325–326; Paul Avrich,
Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 204–207, 245 n32. In a sense, the Wall Street bombing was anticipated by the similarly indiscriminate Preparedness Day bombing in San Francisco in July 1916, in which a suitcase bomb, allegedly planted by leftists, killed ten and wounded forty.

19
Rudd,
Underground
, 215.

20
Gitlin,
The Sixties
, 403; Hoffman,
Autobiography
, 249.

21
Gage,
The Day Wall Street
, 28, 95; Robert M. Fogelson,
America’s Armories: Architecture, Society, and Public Order
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 163.

22
Gage,
The Day Wall Street
, 3; Richard Esposito and Ted Gerstein,
Bomb Squad: A Year Inside the Nation’s Most Exclusive Police Unit
(New York: Hyperion, 2007), 68–69.

23
“Public Found to Take Hard View on Bombings, Hijackings, Riots,”
New York Times
, April 23, 1970, 26.

24
Gage,
The Day Wall Street,
313; Mel Gussow, “Tranquility Is Shaken On 11th Street,”
New York Times
, March 10, 1970, 45.

25
Esposito and Gerstein,
Bomb Squad
, 78, 79, 255; Joseph T. McCann,
Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the Forgotten
(Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications, 2006), 119, 120–121.

26
Esposito and Gerstein,
Bomb Squad
, 79.

27
Philip Foner, editor,
The Black Panthers Speak
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1995), 280.

28
Mike Wallace, “Nueva York: The Back Story,” in
Nueva York: 1613–1945
, ed. Edward J. Sullivan (New York: The New-York Historical Society, 2010), 51–53, 64; Ira Rosenwaike,
Population History of New York City
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1972), 197.

29
McCann,
Terrorism on American Soil
, 87–88.

30
Ibid., 88–89, 91, 93–95.

31
Esposito and Gerstein,
Bomb Squad
, 25, 45, 79–81.

32
Ibid., 82–85.

33
David A. Andelman, “Groups Claiming F.A.L.N. Ties Raid Offices of Bush and Carter,”
New York Times
, March 16, 1980, 1.

34
Esposito and Gerstein,
Bomb Squad,
87; Robert D. McFadden, “4 Killed, 44 Injured in Fraunces Tavern Blast,”
New York Times
, January 25, 1975, 1; Selwyn Raab, “F.A.L.N. Terrorists Tied to 10 Bombings Here and in Newark,”
New York Times
, February 7, 1975, 1.

35
Wright,
Looming Tower
, 201–203; McCann,
Terrorism on American Soil
, 187–188; Esposito and Gerstein,
Bomb Squad
, 96–104.

36
Steven Emerson,
American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us
(New York: Free Press, 2002), 52; Mark Juergensmeyer,
Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence,
3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 62–63.

37
Andrew C. McCarthy,
Willful Blindness: A Memoir of the Jihad
(New York: Encounter Books, 2009), 192–193.

38
Deborah Sontag, “Manhattan Is Held in the Grip of Traffic Snarls and Anxiety,”
New York Times
, February 27, 1993, 1.

39
Esposito and Gerstein,
Bomb Squad
, 101; Emerson,
American Jihad
, 45–47.

40
McCarthy,
Willful Blindness
, 188.

41
Ibid., 231.

42
Ibid., 78–79; Emerson,
American Jihad
, 130–131; Wright,
Looming Tower
, 204.

43
Emerson,
American Jihad
, 51, 130, 251; Wright,
Looming Tower
, 164; The 9/11 Commission,
The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
, authorized ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 55–56, 58–59, 466–467n22.

44
McCarthy,
Willful Blindness
, 89–90, 119–121, 127, 182.

45
Emerson,
American Jihad
, 43–44; ibid., 127–134.

46
McCann,
Terrorism on American Soil
, 191, 240–248; Samuel M. Katz,
Jihad in Brooklyn: The NYPD Raid That Stopped America’s First Suicide Bombers
(New York: New American Library, 2005), 128–136.