New York at War (59 page)

13
Daly,
Diary
, 43; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 44.

14
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 143; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 856–857.

15
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 40–41.

16
Spann,
Gotham at War
, 23–25, 32–42, 45–46, 137; McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 94–96, 101–102, 140–141, 289; Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 3:137–138, 144, 244; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 875.

17
Spann,
Gotham at War
, 149–153.

18
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 91.

19
Thomas Kessner,
Capital City: New York City and the Men Behind America’s Rise to Economic Dominance
,
1860–1900
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 39; McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 216; Spann,
Gotham at War
, 145; Daly,
Diary
, 192–193.

20
Southwick,
Duryee Zouave
, 63; McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 130, 171.

21
Southwick,
Duryee Zouave
, 67; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 18.

22
McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 31; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 1–2, 11; Cook,
Armies of the Streets
, xi.

23
Raimondo Luraghi,
A History of the Confederate Navy
(London: Chatham Publishing, 1996), 146. Ironically, Mallory’s interest in ironclad warships had been sparked by the work of the Hoboken inventor Robert L. Stevens, who in the wake of Robert Fulton’s
Demologos
sought to perfect an armored, steam-powered warship.

24
Ibid., 146–147.

25
Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 3:196; Spann,
Gotham at War
, 157.

26
McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 137; “The Rebel Pirate ‘290,’”
New York Times
, November 3, 1862, 1; Stephen Fox,
Wolf of the Deep: Raphael Semmes and the Notorious Confederate Raider
CSS Alabama (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 17, 71–75.

27
Fox,
Wolf
, 75, 90; Raphael Semmes,
My Adventures Afloat: A Personal Memoir of My Cruises and Services in ‘The Sumter’ and ‘Alabama’
(London: Richard Bentley, 1869), 489–490, 492.

28
“Highly Important: A Rebel Pirate Off the Coast,”
New York Times
, August 13, 1864, 1; “The Pirate Tallahassee,”
New York Times
, August 14, 1864, 1; “Marine Intelligence,”
New York Times
, August 14, 1864, 8; “The Pirate,”
New York Times
, August 15, 1864, 1; “The Pirate Tallahassee,”
New York Times
, August 16, 1864, 1; “The Tallahassee,”
New York Times
, August 17, 1864, 1.

29
McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 272–273; Spann,
Gotham at War
, 158.

30
Russell S. Gilmore,
Guarding America’s Front Door: Harbor Forts in the Defense of New York City
(New York: The Fort Hamilton Historical Society, 1983), 3–4, 7–8; Norman Brouwer, “Fortress New York,”
Seaport: New York’s History Magazine
24, no. 1 (Summer 1990): 37; Nevins and Thomas, Strong Diary
,
1:276.

31
Spann,
Gotham at War
, 156–157; McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 134–136; “Delafield, Richard,” in
Dictionary of American Biography
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1996 ), 5:210; Q. A. Gillmore,
A Memorial Sketch of the Character and Public Services of the Late Brig.-Gen. Richard Delafield
,
Chief of Engineers and Brevet Maj.-Gen. U.S. Army
(New York, 1874), 5–22.

32
Richard Delafield, Letter Press Book, 1862–1864, New-York Historical Society Library, Manuscript Collection, 433–451, 493.

33
McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 134; Spann,
Gotham at War
, 158.

34
Delafield, Letter Press Book, 376–379.

35
McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 191.

36
Spann,
Gotham at War
, 4; Daly, 183.

37
McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 197; Cook,
Armies of the Streets
, 51–52.

38
Spann,
Gotham at War
, 98; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 131.

39
Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 3:335–336.

40
Joel Tyler Headley,
The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1873
(New York: E. B. Treat, 1873), 211; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 135, 137, 200.

41
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 193–194.

42
Cook,
Armies of the Streets,
58–59, 119, 125–126.

43
Ibid., 77; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 146–149.

44
Iver Bernstein,
Draft Riots
, 28–30; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 157, 203–206; Cook,
Armies of the Streets
, 83, 143.

45
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 143–145, 160–161, 171.

46
Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 3:335–336.

47
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 203; Headley,
Riots
, 180.

48
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 191.

49
Ibid., 250–252; Cook,
Armies of the Streets,
193–195.

50
Cook,
Armies of the Streets,
233–255.

51
Spann,
Gotham at War
, 178–185; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 256–257, 338.

52
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 253–254.

53
Ibid., 265–266.

54
Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 3:411–412; Daly,
Diary
, 278.

55
McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 240–244, 298; Spann,
Gotham at War
, 73–78, 81–82, 188–89; Daly,
Diary
, 129–132, 139.

56
Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 212; McKay,
Civil War and New York
, 224, 252; Nat Brandt,
The Man Who Tried to Burn New York
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1986), 85, 94.

57
Brandt,
Man
, 68–69, 71; Spann,
Gotham at War
, 164.

58
Brandt,
Man
, 88–91; McKay,
Civil War and New York City
, 279–284; Schecter,
Devil’s Own Work
, 294–295.

59
Brandt,
Man
, 249 n2.

60
Ibid., 85, 128, 129.

61
Ibid., 151.

62
Ibid., 222, 273.

63
Ibid., 100; “The Reign of the Rabble,”
New York Times
, July 15, 1863, 1.

64
Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 3:483, 574–575, 582–583; Daly,
Diary
, 305.

65
Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 3:490, 600.

66
Spann,
Gotham at War
, 132–133; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 904–905; David Quigley,
Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 63; Nevins and Thomas,
Strong Diary
, 4:538.

67
Bernstein,
Draft Riots
, 235.

Chapter 7

1
“Prince Henry to the German Society,”
New York Times
, March 9, 1902, 1.

2
“Prince Henry Incidents,”
New York Times
, March 2, 1902, SM3.

3
“Popular Souvenirs of Prince Henry,”
New York Times
, March 2, 1902, SM5.

4
Holger H. Herwig,
Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Naval Planning, 1889–1941
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 20.

5
Ibid., 42–66.

6
Ibid., 56, 62–63, 85–87, 90–92. In 1901, an indiscreet book by a German general staff attaché, Baron Franz von Edelsheim, argued that Germany could easily invade and conquer the American eastern seaboard. After Prince Heinrich’s visit, the book was largely forgotten by the American public.

7
John Steele Gordon,
The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power, 1653–2000
(New York: Touchstone, 1999), 200–201; H. W. Brands,
Woodrow Wilson
(New York: Times Books/Henry Holt, 2003), 52.

8
Ronald Schaffer,
America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 28.

9
H. C. Peterson,
Propaganda for War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914–1917
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939), 16–17, 23–25, 48–49, 69; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 11.

10
“For Liberty and Democracy,”
New York Times
, May 27, 1915, 10.

11
“Italians Here Talk Nothing but War,”
New York Times
, May 24, 1915, 2.

12
Jules Witcover,
Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany’s Secret War in America, 1914–1917
(Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1989), 56; Frederick C. Luebke,
Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974), 92, 97; Phyllis Keller,
States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 146.

13
Keller,
States
, 222–223, 232.

14
Edward Robb Ellis,
The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1966), 501; “Reservists Flock to the Consulates,”
New York Times
, August 5, 1914, 6; Luebke,
Bonds
, 96; Ibid., 149–150; Richard O’Connor,
The German-Americans: An Informal History
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 389–390.

15
Luebke,
Bonds
, 48; Keller,
States
, 146.

16
David Brundage, “‘In Time of Peace, Prepare for War’: Key Themes in the Social Thought of New York’s Irish Nationalists, 1890–1916,” in
The New York Irish
, ed. Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996), 322, 327, 331.

17
O’Connor,
German-Americans
, 395–396.

18
Luebke,
Bonds
, 144, 159, 174, 215–217; David M. Kennedy,
Over Here: The First World War and American Society
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 31.

19
Max Page,
The City’s End: Two Centuries of Fantasies, Fears, and Premonitions of New York’s Destruction
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 52–54; David Nasaw,
Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements
(New York: Basic Books, 1993), 207–208; Russell S. Gilmore,
Guarding America’s Front Door: Harbor Forts in the Defense of New York City
(New York: The Fort Hamilton Historical Society, 1983); Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1211, 1215; Leo Polaski and Glen Williford,
New York City’s Harbor Defenses
(Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2003), 35. The new long-range guns, the result of a modernization plan advanced by Secretary of War William Endicott during the late 1880s, were known to the American public as “Endicott guns.”

20
Robert M. Fogelson,
America’s Armories: Architecture, Society, and Public Order
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 2, 13, 24, 30.

21
Ibid., 30, 32, 50–51, 64, 66, 71–73, 78, 149, 160–164, 182.

22
John Higham,
Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955), 155–157; Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 81.

23
Chad Millman,
The Detonators: The Secret Plot to Destroy America and an Epic Hunt for Justice
(New York: Little, Brown, 2006), 41; Theodore Roosevelt,
The Foes of Our Own Household
(New York: George H. Doran, 1917), 293.

24
Luebke,
Bonds
, 169; Higham,
Strangers
, 200.

25
Ron Chernow,
The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance
(New York: Grove Press, 1990), 186–188, 195–198, 200–201.

26
Ibid., 197–198.

27
Ibid., 188–189; Gordon,
Great Game
, 205; George Wellington Porter, “How U.S. Supplies War Munitions,”
New York Times
, July 18, 1915, SM18.

28
“398,000 Unemployed Here in February,”
New York Times
, May 1, 1915, 8; “Railroads Begin to Buy Equipment,”
New York Times
, October 10, 1915, 42; Witcover,
Sabotage
, 23–24; “Railroad Heads to be Arrested for Explosion,”
New York Times
, August 1, 1916, 1. The influx of war exports into New York harbor—and the huge traffic bottleneck it caused on the rail network across the Northeast and Midwest—played a key role in reshaping the region’s transportation planning and infrastructure by helping to prompt the formation of the Port of New York Authority in 1921.