Neanderthal Man (46 page)

origins and movement,
198
–
199

Reproduction.
See
Interbreeding; Offspring; Sexual reproduction

Restriction enzymes,
149

Ribosomal RNA gene,
101
–
102
,
104

RNA splicing,
112

Rogers, Jane,
161
–
162

Rosas, Antonio,
137

Ross, Hugh,
221

Rothberg, Jonathan,
109
,
111
–
112
,
117
–
120
,
122
,
161

Rubin, Edward M.,
124
,
184
,
216

contamination of data,
126
–
127
,
150
,
155

Denisova Cave remains,
233
–
234
,
239
,
241

ending the collaboration,
128

friction with,
113
–
115

Neanderthal bacterial library,
121
–
122

preliminary results,
116

pyrosequencing,
109
–
111

Rudan, Pavao,
133
–
135
,
138
,
139
(fig.)

San genome,
185
,
188
,
242
–
243

Sanger, Fred,
107

Sanger Institute,
161
–
162

Sanger sequencing method,
107
–
108
,
110

Sarich, Vincent,
95

Schaffner, Walter,
36
,
38

Schmitz, Ralf,
1
,
17
–
18
,
73
,
123
–
124
,
135
–
136

Science
magazine,
18
,
21
,
115

Denisova Cave findings,
236

dinosaur DNA,
59
–
60

DNA from animal droppings,
105

MHC gene variability,
224

Neanderthal genome paper,
164
–
165
,
216
–
218

Oetzi the Ice Man,
70

out-of-Africa model,
94

plant DNA,
56

potential contamination of data set,
150

pyrosequencing,
110

Rubin’s cloning paper,
122

Second-generation sequencing,
108

Serre, David,
95
–
97
,
114

Sex chromosomes,
179
–
181
,
243

Sexual orientation,
36
–
37
,
88
–
89

Sexual reproduction

biological obstacles to,
172
–
173

chromosome genealogy,
185
–
186

comparing Neanderthal and modern human genomes,
182
–
183

Denisovans,
248

determining human origins,
42

genome analysis of modern humans and apes,
219

mtDNA contribution to modern humans,
96

social dominance patterns,
19

sperm motility,
211
–
212

See also
Interbreeding

Shunkov, Michael,
232
–
233
,
250

Side fractions,
144
–
146

Silica extraction method,
55

Simons, Kai,
85

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP),
102
–
103
,
173
–
177
,
183
,
187
,
191
,
243
–
244

Single-copy genes,
103
–
104
,
118

Skin, genetic changes in,
212
–
213

Slatkin, Montgomery “Monty,”
154
,
191
,
242
(fig.)

background,
171

comparing Denisova and modern genomes,
245

Denisova Cave remains,
241

Denisovan genome findings,
247

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
195

Sloths,
63
–
65
,
65
(fig.),
66
–
67
,
105

Social development,
206
–
207

Soft tissue samples,
67

Solexa company,
161
–
162

Sperm cells,
19
–
20
,
60

Sperm motility,
211
–
212

Staatlische Museen zu Berlin,
28
–
29
,
38
–
39

Stasi (East German secret police),
39

Stenzel, Udo,
147
(fig.),
162
,
169

AAAS conference,
165
–
166

comparing Denisova and Neanderthal genomes,
243
–
244

Denisova Cave remains,
241
–
242

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
166

mapping DNA,
153
–
155
,
181
,
208

patent controversy,
202
–
203

Stetter, Karl,
46

Stock, Günter,
134

Stone, Anne,
15
–
18

Stoneking, Mark,
15
–
17
,
19
,
88
–
91
,
247

Stringer, Chris,
20
,
190

Super-old DNAs,
57
–
58

Sykes, Bryan,
70

Taxonomy,
49
,
237

Technology, changes over millennia,
208

Termite data,
57
–
58

Theory of mind,
205
–
206

Thomas, Kelley,
42

Thomas, Richard,
44

Thylacinus cynocephalus,
38
–
40
,
44
–
45
,
64
,
66

Tomasello, Mike,
83
–
85
,
205
–
206

Tool culture,
197
–
198
,
250

Translocated human mtDNA,
60

Transplantation antigens,
24
,
51
,
223
–
224

Tree sloths,
63
–
65
,
65
(fig.),
66

Tribal groups, genetic diversity in,
44

Trinkaus, Erik,
95
,
97
,
190
,
220
–
221

Turkana Boy,
4

23
andMe,
203

UC Irvine,
56
–
57

Uhlén, Mathias,
107
–
109

Uracil,
5
–
6

Venter, Craig,
111
,
118
,
192
–
193

Verna, Christine,
138

Vigilant, Linda,
41
,
88
–
91
,
163
–
164
,
201

Villablanca, Francis,
42

Vindija Cave and remains,
77
(fig.),
175

cannibalized remains,
131
–
132
,
131
(fig.)

cave-bear and human bones,
76
–
77
,
99
–
101

contamination of cave-bear DNA,
97

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
194

increasing the proportion of Neanderthal DNA,
146
–
151

Mezmaiskaya Cave Neanderthal remains,
79

obstacles to accessing the specimens,
129
–
130
,
132
–
133
,
137

Viola, Bence,
231
,
233
,
235
,
240
–
241

Vjesnik
newspaper,
138

von Willebrand factor gene (vWF),
102
,
106

Wall, Jeffrey,
150
,
155
–
156
,
160

Ward, Ryk,
44
,
71

Weapons,
198

White, Tim,
130
–
131

Wild, Barbara,
36
–
37

Willerslev, Eske,
215
,
239

Wilson, Allan,
13
–
15
,
19
–
20
,
34
–
35
,
37
–
38
,
40
–
41
,
51
,
88
,
94
–
95
,
188

Wired
magazine,
128

Wolpoff, Milford,
21
,
190
,
220

Woodward, Scott,
58
–
60

World Congress of Genetics (Berlin),
164

World War II,
49
,
81
–
83

X chromosome data,
99
,
179
–
181
,
243

X-Woman Consortium,
241
–
243
,
245
–
246

Y chromosome data,
179
–
181
,
243

Yeast,
58

Yoruba,
188

Young-earth creationists,
221

Zahn, Laura,
165
,
224
–
225

Zhai, Weiwei,
191

Zischler, Hans,
59