Neanderthal Man (44 page)

Kircher, Martin,
147
(fig.),
162
,
165
–
166
,
202
–
203
,
209
–
213
,
239
,
245

Klein, Richard,
190

Knauer, Felix,
56

Krapina Cave collection,
76
–
77
,
132
–
133

Krause, Johannes,
147
(fig.)

access to Vindija Cave remains,
133
–
134

background,
129
–
130

comparing Neanderthal mtDNA sequences with Denisova sequences,
229
–
233

DNA from Vindija Cave remains,
136
–
141

454 process,
117
,
119

Okladnikov Cave remains,
227

publishing the findings,
218

pyrosequencing,
114

sequencing the nuclear genome,
238
–
240

toasts,
234
–
235

Krings, Matthias,
1
,
8
–
12
,
16
,
18
,
21
,
74
–
76
,
78
–
79

Kučan, Željko,
138
,
139
(fig.)

Kudaravalli, Sridhar,
124

Lachmann, Michael,
170

Lalueza-Fox, Carles,
137

Lander, Eric,
164
–
166

Language development,
207
,
252
–
253

Language groups, sampling for genetic diversity,
93

Larhammar, Dan,
34

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
109
–
110
,
113
–
115
,
121
–
122

Leaky replacement,
248

Learning as human behavior,
206
–
207

Lenardic, Jadranka,
130

Lewin, Benjamin,
18

Limestone caves,
76
–
78

Lindahl, Tomas,
18
,
39
–
40
,
51
–
52
,
58
,
76

Lucy,
4

Magnolia latahensis,
56
–
57

Maillard reaction,
106

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC),
223
–
224

Malez, Mirko,
76
–
77
,
130
–
131

Mammoth remains

nuclear DNA extraction,
101
–
103
,
111
–
113

pyrosequencing,
115

SNPs,
173

tracing evolutionary history,
55
–
56

“Marco Polo Neanderthals”,
183

Maričić, Tomislav “Tomi,”
137
–
138
,
144
–
146
,
147
(fig.),
166
,
179

Marsupials.
See
Thylacinus cynocephalus

Matzke, Nicholas J.,
221

Max Planck Society,
81
–
90
,
120
–
121
,
155
,
202
–
203

McLean, Corey,
219
–
220

Melanesia,
245
,
247
,
249
–
252

Mengele, Josef,
81
–
82

Methyl groups,
148

Meyer, Matthias,
147
(fig.),
251

Mezmaiskaya Cave, Russia,
78
–
79
,
136

Middle East scenario,
189
–
191
,
195
,
197
–
200

Migration,
41
–
42
,
183

Mitochondria,
59
–
60

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA),
1
–
2
,
4

BYU data,
59

Croatian samples,
78
–
79

Denisova Cave remains,
228
–
231
,
240
–
244

determining Neanderthals’ contribution to the modern genome,
172

genetic variation among various Neanderthals,
95
–
97

human-ape link,
99

in animal droppings,
105
–
107

independent verification,
14
–
18

inheritance mechanism,
19
–
20

kangaroo rats,
42
–
43

limitations on view of genetic history,
19
–
20

Mitochondrial Eve,
14

multiregional model,
91

mutations,
12
–
14

Mylodon darwinii,
65

Native American remains,
71

Neanderthal type specimen and other Neanderthal specimens,
75
–
76

Neanderthal-modern human link,
96
–
98

nuclear DNA from mammoth bones,
101
–
103

Oetzi, the Ice Man,
69
–
70

Okladnikov Cave bone fragment,
228

PCR process,
8
–
12

quagga DNA,
34

reconstruction of Neanderthal mtDNA,
11
(fig.),
159
–
168

SNPs as indicators of interbreeding,
174

tracing a common ancestor,
13
(fig.)

Mitochondrial Eve,
13
(fig.),
14
–
15
,
88

Modern humans

cataloging genetic changes after Neanderthal-modern human separation,
209
–
213

cloning mummy DNA,
33

cognitive development,
205
–
207

common ancestor of apes and,
93
(fig.)

Denisova tooth morphology,
241

Denisovan genome and,
242

Denisovans, Neanderthals, and,
243
–
244
,
247
–
248

genome analysis of apes and,
219

Middle East scenario,
197
–
198

mtDNA comparisons with ancient DNA,
10
,
12

mtDNA variation,
75
–
76

potential for Neanderthal offspring,
200
–
203

replacement crowd,
198
–
200

technical development,
208

See also
Asians, modern; Europeans, modern

Molar, Neanderthal,
235
,
236
(fig.),
240
–
242
,
245

Molecular clock,
66

Monaco, Tony,
252
–
253

Monogamy,
212

Morphological features,
66
,
240
–
241
,
245

Mullikin, Jim,
173
–
174
,
183

Mullis, Kary,
8
,
37
,
39
–
40

Multiregional hypothesis of human origins,
20
–
21
,
91
–
98
,
188
–
189
,
220

Mummies

blue fluorescence in,
27
–
28
,
30
,
105
–
106

cartilage samples,
54
–
55

contamination of DNA data,
51
–
52

DNA extraction and cloning,
25
–
35

DNA survival and decay,
7

Native American remains,
68
,
71

Oetzi the Ice Man,
68
–
71

PCR process,
37
–
40

Mutations

cataloging genetic changes after Neanderthal-modern human separation,
209
–
213

derived alleles,
157

mapping convergent evolution,
66

Neanderthal contributions to modern European genome,
166
–
167

Neanderthal interbreeding with early modern humans,
192

obstacle to reconstructing genetic history,
12
–
14

putative dinosaur DNA,
59
–
60

studying nuclear DNA variation,
92
–
93

Myers, Gene,
111

Mylodon darwinii,
63
–
65
,
65
(fig.)

Native Americans

cannibalism,
131

Native Americans
(continued)

comparing modern genome with,
68
,
71

Denisovan genome and,
245

DNA data from preserved skeletons,
43
–
44

Nature Genetics
journal,
79
,
94

Nature
magazine,
18
,
51
–
52

contamination of data,
127
,
150
–
151
,
157
–
158
,
160

Denisova Cave findings,
236
–
238
,
242
,
248
–
249

DNA in amber,
58

DNA retrieval from animal droppings,
56

454 paper,
122

human-chimpanzee joining and separation,
170

mammoth data,
55

Mezmaiskaya Cave Neanderthal remains,
78
–
79

Neanderthal genome paper,
164
–
165

quagga data,
34
–
35
,
41

Siberian Neanderthal data,
228

thylacine data,
45

Nazi Germany,
81
–
83