Neanderthal Man (43 page)

Egyptology,
23
–
25

El Sidrón, Spain,
136
–
137

Elephants, nuclear DNA extraction from,
101
–
103

Enard, Wolfgang,
253

Endangered species,
56

Enhancers,
38

Errors in mapping,
154

Eskimo remains,
215

Ethical concerns,
252
–
253

European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, England,
218

European Molecular Biology Organization,
135

Europeans, modern

Africans’ exchanges with,
187
–
188

comparing Neanderthal data with modern genome,
181

determining Neanderthals’ contribution to the modern genome,
171
–
173

genetic variation,
92
–
93

human reference genome and present-day human genome,
185
–
188

mapping gene flow,
192
–
195

mapping modern genomes,
188

mapping the Neanderthal genome,
155

MHC gene variability,
224

mtDNA comparisons with ancient DNA,
12

multiregional model of human origins,
20
–
21

Neanderthal mtDNA in,
96
–
97

out-of-Africa model of human origins,
19

reaction to Neanderthal DNA findings,
222
–
223

replacement crowd,
199

SNPs as indication of interbreeding,
173
–
177

studying modern and ancient Egyptians,
25
–
26

See also
Africans, modern; Asians, modern; Modern humans

Evans, Tom,
148

Evolutionary anthropology,
83
–
84

Evolutionary biology,
42
–
43
,
63
–
65

Evolutionary models.
See
Multiregional hypothesis of human origins; Out-of-Africa hypothesis

Excoffier, Laurent,
98
,
193
–
194
,
199

Extinct mammals,
9
–
10
,
52

clean room procedures,
87
–
88

DNA extraction from bone samples,
55

ground sloth,
63
–
67

See also
Cave-bear bones; Mammoth remains; Quagga DNA;
Thylacinus cynocephalus

Fluorescence in mummies,
27
–
28
,
30
,
105
–
106

Forensic science,
67

454 Life Sciences,
109
,
111
–
114
,
116
–
120
,
122
–
124
,
126
–
127
,
134
–
135
,
140
,
144
,
153
,
159
–
163

FOXP
2
gene,
252
–
253

Fu, Qiaomei,
147
(fig.),
228
–
231
,
233

Fuhlrott, Johann Carl,
129

Fundamentalist Christians,
221

Gannon, Frank,
135

Gay rights,
36
–
37

Gee, Henry,
236
,
238

Gene flow

chromosome
17
evidence,
166

comparing Neanderthal, African, and European genomes,
174

Gene flow
(continued)

Denisovans,
242
,
246
–
247
,
249

searching present-day genomes,
191
–
195

Trinkaus critique of findings,
220
–
221

Genetic diversity in North American tribal groups,
44

Genetic variation

among Neanderthals,
79

determining Neanderthals’ contribution to the modern genome,
171
–
173

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
166

mapping the Neanderthal genome,
156

out-of-Africa hypothesis,
91
–
94

social implications of Neanderthal gene flow findings,
200

Gorillas

common ancestor with humans and chimpanzees,
94

competition for reproduction,
212

genetic variation,
79

See also
Apes; Chimpanzees

Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Dragutin,
76

Green, Richard E. “Ed,”
115
,
159
–
160
,
169

AAAS conference,
165
–
166

background,
111
–
112

common ancestors of Neanderthal and San,
186

comparing Neanderthal, modern human and ape genomes,
181
–
182

comparing Neanderthal and human reference genome,
124
–
125

data-handling programs,
162
–
163

Denisova genome,
243

estimating DNA contamination,
179
–
181

evidence of Neanderthal-modern human gene flow,
166
–
167
,
191
–
192

454 process,
117
,
119

mapping the DNA,
153
–
158

Newcomb Cleveland Prize,
224
–
225

patent controversy,
203

publishing the findings,
217
–
218
,
220

transplantation antigens,
224

Greenwood, Alex,
99
–
101
,
173

Ground sloths,
63
–
65
,
65
(fig.),
66
–
67
,
105

Grunert, Stephan,
31
–
32

Gušić, Ivan “Johnny,”
138
,
139
(fig.)

Hagelberg, Erika,
55

Hair, Eskimo,
215

Handt, Oliva,
52
,
53
(fig.),
54
–
55
,
67
–
70

Hawks, John,
220

Heinze, Anja,
147
(fig.)

Herak, Milan,
130

Prichard, Hesketh,
63

Heterozygous position,
102
–
104

Higuchi, Russell,
34
,
40
–
41
,
51

Hofreiter, Michael,
113

Holthoer, Rostislav,
24
–
25
,
27
–
29
,
31
,
38
–
39
,
227

Homo altaiensis,
238

Homo erectus,
229

Homo heidelbergensis,
229
,
238

Höss, Matthias,
52
,
53
(fig.),
54
–
55
,
65
,
101
,
140

Hublin, Jean-Jacques,
90
,
197

Human Diversity Panel,
246

Human evolutionary history,
43
–
44
,
52

Human genome,
33
,
38

Human Genome Project,
107

Human origins hypotheses,
41
–
42
.
See also
Middle East scenario; Multiregional hypothesis of human origins; Out-of-Africa hypothesis

Human reference genome

as template for Neanderthal
sequences,
118

indicating contamination of Neanderthal sequences,
124
–
127

mapping gene flow,
192
–
195

mapping the Neanderthal genome,
153
–
155

reconstructing Neanderthal mtDNA,
160

sequencing modern genomes,
185
–
188

Hybrid molecules,
45
–
46
,
60

Ice Man remains,
68
–
71

Illumina company,
161
–
164
,
166
,
169
,
176
,
181

Imitation as human behavior,
206

Immune system,
24

Incomplete lineage sorting,
247

Independent verification,
14
–
18

Insect DNA,
57
–
58

Interbreeding

comparing Neanderthal and
modern human genomes,
182
–
183

creationist view of,
221
–
222

Denisovan-Neanderthal interaction,
242
–
243
,
251
–
252

mapping the five modern
genomes,
188
–
195

Neanderthal-modern human link,
96
–
97

replacement crowd,
198
–
199

SNPs as indicators of,
173
–
177

See also
Sexual reproduction

Jäckle, Herbert,
47
,
50
,
120
–
121

Jeffreys, Alec,
25

Jeune Afrique
magazine,
222

Johnson, Philip,
154
,
166
,
171
,
181

Journal of Archaeological Science,
32

Journal of Molecular Evolution,
43

Jumping PCR,
46
,
69
–
70

Kaessmann, Henrik,
91
–
94
,
108
–
109

Kaiser Wilhelm Society,
81
–
82

Kangaroo rats,
42
–
43
,
43
(fig.)

Kelso, Janet,
147
(fig.),
153
–
154
,
209
–
213

Kilger, Christian,
202
–
203

Kim, Sung,
150
,
160