Murderous Minds (40 page)

4.
Carozza, D. 2008. Identifying Psychopathic Fraudsters, Interview with Dr. Robert D. Hare and Dr. Paul Babiak.
Fraud Magazine
. July/August.
http://www.fraud-magazine.com/article.aspx?id=404
. Accessed 6/3/2013.

5.
Baker, E.,
et al.
2013. Low Skin Conductance Activity in Infancy Predicts Aggression in Toddlers 2 Years Later.
Psychological Science
. 24(6): 1051–1056.

6.
Lahey, B. B.,
et al.
2008. Temperament and Parenting during the First Year of Life Predict Future Child Conduct Problems.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
. 36(8): 1139–1158.

7.
Ryan, K. and Skrapec, C. 2008. “The Macdonald Triad: Predictor of Violence or Urban Myth?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, St. Louis Adam’s Mark, St. Louis, Missouri Nov 12, 2008.

8.
Franklin, K. 2012. Homicidal Triad: Predictor of Violence or Urban Myth? in Witness, A blog about forensic psychology,
Psychology Today
. May 2.
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/witness/201205/homicidal-triad-predictorviolence-or-urban-myth
. Accessed 4/4/2013.

9.
Office of the Law Revision Counsel House, U.S. 2006.
United States Code, Volume 18
. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Law Revision Counsel. p. 969.

10.
Morton, R. J.(editor). 2005. Serial Murder, Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation.

11.
Christopher Patrick phone interview July 1, 2013.

12.
Park Dietz email correspondence September 30, 2013.

13.
Ibid.

14.
Michael Stone phone interview July 26, 2013.

15.
Mary Ellen O’Toole phone interview July 28, 2013.

16.
Menashe, I.,
et al.
2013. Co-expression profiling of autism genes in the mouse brain.
PLOS Computational Biology
.
http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1003128
.

17.
Hiatt, K. D.,
et al.
2002. Assessment of emotion and language processing in psychopathic offenders: results from a dichotic listening task.
Personality and Individual Differences
. 32(7): 1255–1268

18.
Carlo, Philip. 2006.
The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer
. St. Martin’s Press.

19.
Pearce, J. P. 2008. MacLean, 94, Neuroscientist Who Devised ‘Triune Brain’ Theory, Dies.
The New York Times
. January 10.

20.
Charles C. Ouimet. Phone interview May 21, 2013; Email correspondence May 22, 2013.

21.
Vilensky, J. A.,
et al.
1982. The limbic system and human evolution.
Journal of Human Evolution
: 11(6): 447–460.

22.
LeDoux, J. 2011.
Our Emotional Brains
. Copernicus Center Lecture, Kraków, Poland.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjhCPhhzBqQ
. Accessed 9/6/2013.

23.
Greenberger, R. 2008.
The Essential Batman Encyclopedia
. New York: Random House. p. 7.

24.
Kelley, D. E. and Turk, C. Attack of the Xenophobes in Listo, M.
Boston Legal
(television series). Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox Television. Air date November 13, 2007.

25.
LeDoux, J. 2010. The Amygdala in 5 Minutes.
Big Think
.
http://bigthink.com/videos/the-amygdala-in-5-minutes
. Accessed 8/2/2013.

26.
Rasia-Filho, A. A.,
et al.
2000. Functional activities of the amygdala: an overview.
Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
. 25(1): 14–23.

27.
Smoller, J. 2012.
The Other Side of Normal, How Biology is Providing the Clues to Unlock the Secrets of Normal and Abnormal Behavior
. HarperCollins: New York.

28.
Yang, Y.,
et al.
2009. Localization of deformations within the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy.
Archives of General Psychiatry
. 66(9): 986–994.

29.
Blair, R. J. R. 2008. The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: functional contributions and dysfunction in psychopathy.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences
. 363(1503): 2557–2565.

30.
Kiehl, K. A. 2006. A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction.
Psychiatry Research
. 142(2-3): 107–128.

31.
James Fallon. Phone interview September 30, 2013.

32.
Anderson, N. E. and Kiehl, K. A. 2011. The psychopath magnetized: insights from brain imaging.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
. 16(1): 52–60.

CHAPTER EIGHT: SUCCESSFUL, UNSUCCESSFUL, AND OTHER TYPES OF PSYCHOPATHS

1.
Jaffe, I. 2011. Violence Surges at Hospital for Mentally Ill Criminals. NPR broadcast. April 08.

2.
Strickland, T. 2013. A dozen Atascadero State Hospital employees hurt in attacks by patients. The Tribune. April 1.
http://www.sanluisobispo.com/2013/04/01/2452734/a-dozen-atascadero-state-hospital.html#storylink=cpy

3.
Jaffe, I. 2011. How Do You Hold Mentally Ill Offenders Accountable? NPR broadcast. December 21,
http://www.npr.org/2011/12/21/143859695/how-do-you-hold-mentally-ill-offenders-accountable

4.
Murphy, C. and Vess, J. 2003. Subtypes of Psychopathy: Proposed Differences between Narcissistic, Borderline, Sadistic, and Antisocial Psychopaths. Psychiatric Quarterly: 74 (1): 11–29.

5.
Karpman, B. 1941. On the Need for Separating Psychopathy into Two Distinct Subtypes: The Symptomatic and the Idiopathic.
Journal of Criminology and Psychopathology
. 3: 112–137.

6.
Interview with Robert Hare. June 7, 2013, Washington, D.C.

7.
Barbenel, J. 1981. Silvano Arieti, Psychoanalyst and Writer on Schizophrenia.
The New York Times
. August 10.

8.
Arieti, S. 1963. Psychopathic personality: Some views on its psychopathology and psychodynamics.
Comprehensive Psychiatry
. 4(5): 301–312.

9.
Skeem, J.,
et al.
2007. Two subtypes of psychopathic violent offenders that parallel primary and secondary variants.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. 116(2): 395–409.

10.
Dutton, K. 2012.
The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success
. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

11.
Babiak, P. and Hare, R. D. 2006.
Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work
. New York: HarperBusiness.

12.
Mathieu, C.,
et al.
2013. Corporate psychopathy and leadership. Presentation at the 5th Biennial Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy. June 6.

13.
Babiak, P.,
et al.
2010. Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk.
Behavioral Sciences and the Law
. 28(2): 174–193.

14.
See Editor’s Note. 2012. 1 In 10 Wall Street Employees Is A Psychopath, Claim Is Disputed [UPDATE]. The Huffington Post. April 23.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/28/wall-street-psychopaths_n_1307168.html
. Accessed 10/3/2013.

15.
Grohol, J. M. 2012. Untrue: 1 out of Every 10 Wall Street Employees is a Psychopath. PsychCentral.
http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/03/06/untrue-1-out-of-every-10-wall-street-employees-is-a-psychopath/
. March 12. Accessed 3/23/2013.

16.
Cangemi, J. P. & Pfohl, W. 2009. Sociopaths in high places.
Organizational Development Journal
. 27(2): 85–96.

17.
Glenn, A. L.,
et al.
2011. Evolutionary Theory and Psychopathy.
Aggression and Violent Behavior
. 16: 371–380.

18.
Babiak and Hare. Op. cit.

19.
Gregory, S.,
et al.
2012. The Antisocial Brain: Psychopathy Matters, A

Structural MRI Investigation of Antisocial Male Violent Offenders.
Archives of General Psychiatry
: 69(9): 962–972.

20.
Gao, Y. and Raine, A. 2010. Successful and unsuccessful psychopaths: A neurobiological model.
Behavioral Sciences & the Law
: 28(2): 194–210.
Psychiatric Quarterly
: 74(1):

21.
Sifferd, K. L. and Hirstein, W. 2013. On the Criminal Culpability of Successful and Unsuccessful Psychopaths.
Neuroethics
: 6(1): 129–140.

22.
Raine, A.,
et al.
2004. Hippocampal Structural Asymmetry in Unsuccessful Psychopaths.
Biological Psychiatry
. 55(2): 185–191.

23.
Watts, G. 2009. Henry Gustav Molaison, “HM.”
The Lancet
. 373(9662): 456.

24.
Gao and Raine. Op. cit.

CHAPTER NINE: COULD YOU BECOME A PSYCHOPATH?

1.
Koenigs, M.,
et al.
2007. Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments.
Nature
: 446(7138): 908–911. The scenarios in this chapter are adapted from supplementary material published with this paper. They are not identical to scenarios presented to the patients.

2.
These classic problems in moral philosophy are the subject of two books: Edmonds, D. 2013.
Would You Kill the Fat Man?
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press and Cathcart, T. 2013.
The Trolley Problem: Or, Would You Throw the Fat Guy Off the Bridge?
New York: Workman Publishing.

3.
Masterman, J. C. 1972.
Double-Cross System: The Incredible Story of How Nazi Spies Were Turned Into Double Agents
. New Haven: Yale University Press.

4.
Carey, B. 2007. Brain Injury Said to Affect Moral Choices.
The New York Times
. March 22.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Marazziti, D.,
et al.
2013. The neurobiology of moral sense: facts or hypotheses?
Annals of General Psychiatry
: 12(6): Published online March 6.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Blumer, D. and Benson, D. F. 1975. Personality changes with frontal and temporal lobe lesions in Blumer, D. and Benson, D. F. (editors)
Psychiatric aspects of neurologic disease
, Vol 1. New York: Grune and Stratton. pp. 151–170.

10.
Eslinger P. J. and Damasio A. R. 1985. Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: patient EVR.
Neurology
. 35(12): 1731–1741.

11.
Koenigs, M. and Tranel, D. 2006. Pseudopsychopathy: A perspective from cognitive neuroscience
in
Zald, D. and Rauch, S. (editors)
The Orbitofrontal Cortex
. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.

12.
Damasio, A. R.,
et al.
1990. Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond autonomically to social stimuli.
Behavioural Brain Research
. 41(2): 81–94.

13.
Grafman, J.,
et al.
1996. Frontal lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study.
Neurology
. 46(5): 1231–1238.

14.
Anderson, S. W.,
et al.
2000. Long-term sequelae of prefrontal cortex damage acquired in early childhood.
Developmental Neuropsychology
. 18(3): 281–296.

15.
Blumer, D. and Benson, D. F. 2002. Pseudopsychopathy
in
Glicksohn, J. (editor)
The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior
. Dordrech, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. pp. 158–159.

16.
Details of Phineas Cage and his accident are based on the research of Malcolm Macmillan. See endnotes 9 and 11 to this chapter, on page 237. For more detailed information about this case see The Phineas Gage Information Page maintained by The University of Akron
http://www.uakron.edu/gage/
.

17.
Fleishchman, J. 2002.
Phineas Gage, A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

18.
Macmillan, M. 2002.
An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage
. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 26.

19.
Macmillan, M. 1996. Phineas Gage: A Case For All Reasons
in
Code, C.,
et al.
(editors)
Classic Cases in Neuropsychology
. New York: Psychology Press. p. 225.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Harlow, J. M. 1868. Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head.
Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society
. 2: 327–347.

22.
Blair, R. J. R. and Cipolotti, L. 2000. Impaired social response reversal. A case of ‘acquired sociopathy.’
Brain
. 123(Part 6): 1122–1141.

23.
Devinsky, O.,
et al.
1995. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour.
Brain
. 118(Part 1): 279–306.

24.
Glenn, A. L.,
et al.
2011. Evolutionary theory and psychopathy.
Aggression and Violent Behavior
: 16 (5): 371–380.

CHAPTER TEN: COULD YOUR CHILD BE A BUDDING PSYCHOPATH?

1.
The description of Rav is derived from the account in Lombroso-Ferrero, G. 1911.
Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso
. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. p. 55.