Murderous Minds (39 page)

28.
Hargerty, B. B. 2010. Inside a Psychopath’s Brain: The Sentencing Debate. NPR. July 30.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128116806
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29.
Harenski, C. L.,
et al.
2010. Aberrant neural processing of moral violations in criminal psychopaths.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. 119(4): 863–874.

30.
Kiehl, K. A. and Hoffman, M. A. 2011. The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics.
Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology
: 51(4): 355–397.

31.
Lapierre, D.,
et al.
1995. Ventral frontal deficits in psychopathy: neuropsychological test findings.
Neuropsychologia
. 33(2): 139–151. Erratum in
Neuropsychologia
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32.
Burns, J. M.,
et al.
2003. Right Orbitofrontal Tumor with Pedophilia Symptom and Constructional Apraxia Sign.
JAMA Neurology
. 60(3): 437–440.

33.
Sedaris, D. 1998. David Sedaris talks about his OCD and reads from “Naked.”
More Than a Mouthful.
http://www.therichest.org/video/david-sedaris-talksabout-his-ocd-and-reads-from-naked-1998/
. Accessed 4/16/2013.

34.
Sedaris, D. 1997. “A Plague of Ticks” in
Naked
. New York. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 7–22.

35.
Zelkowitz, R. 2008. Why Schizophrenics Smoke.
Science Now
. October 14.
http://news.sciencemag.org/2008/10/why-schizophrenics-smoke
. Accessed 1/1/2013.

36.
Beucke, J. C.,
et al.
2013. Abnormally High Degree Connectivity of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
JAMA Psychiatry
: 70(6): 619–629.

37.
James Fallon. Email correspondence October 2, 2013.

38.
Houenou, J.,
et al.
2011. Neuroimaging-based markers of bipolar disorder: Evidence from two meta-analyses.
Journal of Affective Disorders
. 132(3): 344–355.

39.
Yang, Y.,
et al.
2005. Volume reduction in prefrontal gray matter in unsuccessful criminal psychopaths.
Biological Psychiatry
. 15(57): 1103–1108.

40.
Raine, A.,
et al.
2004. Hippocampal Structural Asymmetry in Unsuccessful Psychopaths.
Biological Psychiatry
. 55(2): 185–191.

41.
Babiak, P. and Hare, R. D. 2006.
Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work
. New York: HarperCollins.

CHAPTER FIVE: TROUBLING DEVELOPMENTS AND GENES

1.
Carlo, Philip. 2006.
The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer
. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Front matter. The main source of information in this biography was Kuklinski himself. Some of his claims, such as taking part in the murders of Mafia boss Paul Castellano and Teamster boss Jimmy Hoffa, are highly questionable and unsubstantiated. These and other claims should leave
readers aware they may be reading Kuklinski’s attempts to “glorify” himself more than an accurate account of his criminal history.

2.
Special to the New York Times. 1970. Jersey City Man Arrested in Death of 12-Year-Old Girl.
The New York Times
. September 16.

3.
Carlo. Ibid., p. 134.

4.
Associated Press. 1986. Man Charged with Killing Partners in Crime.
Washington Observer-Reporter
. December 18.

5.
Martin, D. 2006. Richard Kuklinski, 70, a Killer of Many People and Many Ways, Dies.
The New York Times
. March 9.

6.
Monet, G. 2003.
The Iceman and the Psychiatrist
. Home Box Office (HBO) documentary. This documentary is also available in a set called
The Iceman Interviews
produced by HBO which includes two earlier interviews with Kuklinski.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Hare, R. D. 1993.
Without Conscience, The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us
. The Guilford Press, New York. p. 56.

9.
Monet. Op. cit.

10.
Caro. Op. cit., p. 22.

11.
Lang, S.,
et al.
2002. Adult psychopathy and violent behavior in males with early neglect and abuse.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
. 106(Suppl. 412): 93–100.

12.
Weiler, B. L. and Widom, C. S. 1996. Psychopathy and violent behavior in abused and neglected young adults.
Criminal Behavior and Mental Health
. 6(3): 253–257.

13.
Lang. Op. cit.

14.
Phone interview with Frank Ochberg, M.D. May 30, 2013.

15.
Phone interview with Michael Stone, M.D. July 26, 2013.

16.
Glenn, A. L.,
et al.
2011. Evolutionary theory and psychopathy.
Aggression and Violent Behavior
: 16 (5): 371–380.

17.
Winerman, L. 2004. A Second Look at Twin Studies.
Monitor on Psychology
. 35(4): 46.

18.
Larsson, H.,
et al.
2006. A Genetic Factor Explains Most of the Variation in the Psychopathic Personality.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. 115(2): 221–230.

19.
Serretti, A.,
et al.
2013. Shared genetics among major psychiatric disorders.
The Lancet
. 381(9875): 1339–1341.

20.
McGowan, P. O.,
et al.
2009. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse.
Nature Neuroscience
. 12(3): 342–348.

21.
Simmons, D. 2008. Epigenetic Influences and Disease.
Nature Education
: 1(1).

22.
Riddihough, G. and Zahn, L. M. 2010. What is Epigenetics?
Science
. 330(6004): 611.

23.
Raine, A. 2010. Neurodevelopmental marker for limbic maldevelopment in antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy.
The British Journal of Psychiatry
: 197(3): 186–192.

24.
Raine, A. 2013.
The Anatomy of Violence, the Biological Roots of Crime.
Pantheon New York. pp. 121–123.

25.
Gao, Y.,
et al.
2009. The Neurobiology of Psychopathy: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
. 54(12): 813–823.

26.
Siles, J. and Jernigan, T. L. 2010. The Basics of Brain Development.
Neuropsychological Review
. 20(4): 327–348.

27.
Craig, M. C.,
et al.
2009. Altered connections on the road to psychopathy.
Molecular Psychiatry
. 14(10): 946–953.

28.
Motzkin, J. C.,
et al.
2011. Reduced Prefrontal Connectivity in Psychopathy.
The Journal of Neuroscience
. 31(48): 17348–17357.

29.
Sundram F.,
et al.
2012. White matter microstructural abnormalities in the frontal lobe of adults with antisocial personality disorder.
Cortex
. 48(2): 216–229.

30.
Raine, A.,
et al.
2003. Corpus Callosum Abnormalities in Psychopathic Antisocial Individuals.
Archives of General Psychiatry
. 60(11): 1134–1142.

31.
Colak, D.,
et al.
2013. Regulation of Axon Guidance by Compartmentalized Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay.
Cell
: 153(6): 1252–1265.

32.
Gil-Sanz, C.,
et al.
2013. Cells Instruct Neuronal Migration by Coincidence Signaling between Secreted and Contact-Dependent Guidance Cues.
Neuron
: 79(3): 461–477.

CHAPTER SIX: BACK AGAIN? PREDICTING BAD BEHAVIOR

1.
Schmidt, M. S. and Goldsteine, J. 2012. Even as Violent Crime Falls, Killing of Officers Rises.
The New York Times
. April 9. According to the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, 49 officers died from gunshot wounds in 2012, a figure below the ten-year average of 57 compiled between 2001 and 2010.

2.
Rose, R. 2003. The Second Coming of Philip K. Dick.
Wired
. December.

3.
Critchley, S. Philip K. Dick, Sci-Fi Philosopher, Part 1.
The New York Times
. May 20, 2012.

4.
Dick, P. K. 1978. How to Build a Universe That Doesn’t Fall Apart Two Days Later
in
Dick, P. K. and Sutin, L. (editors). 1995.
The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick, Selected Literary and Philosophical Writing
. New York: Vintage Books.

5.
Porter, S.,
et al.
2009. Crime profiles and conditional release performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic sexual offenders.
Legal and Criminological Psychology
: 14(1): 109–118.

6.
BBC News. 2009. Psychopaths’ ‘early release con.’ February 9.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7833672.stm
. Accessed 3/3/2012.

7.
Hare, R. D. 1993.
Without Conscience, The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us
. The Guilford Press, New York. p. 96.

8.
Hemphill, J. F.,
et al.
1998. Psychopathy and recidivism: A review.
Legal and Criminological Psychology
: 3(1): 139–170.

9.
Vitacco, M. J.,
et al.
2012. Assessment in Hakkanen-Nyholm, H. and Nyholm,
J.-O. (editors).
Psychopathy and the Law
. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

10.
Shaw, J. and Porter, S. 2012. Forever a Psychopath? Psychopathy and the Criminal Career Trajectory in Hakkanen-Nyholm, H. and Nyholm, J.-O. (editors).
Psychopathy and the Law
. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

11.
BBC News. Op. cit.

12.
Hare, R. D. 1994. This Charming Psychopath.
Psychology Today
. January1.
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199401/charming-psychopath
. Accessed 4/12/2012.

13.
Hare. 1993. Op. cit., pp. 58–59.

14.
Aharoni, E.,
et al.
2013. Neuroprediction of Future Rearrest.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
: 110(15): 6223–6228.

15.
The Mind Research Network. 2013. Brain scans might predict future criminal behavior. Press Release March 28.

16.
Wood, J. 2013. Brain Scans Could Predict Future Criminal Behavior. PsychCentral.
http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/03/31/brain-scans-couldpredict-future-criminal-behavior/53207.html
. Accessed 7
24
2013.

17.
Seabrook, J. 2008 Suffering Souls, The Search for the Roots of Psychopathy.
The New Yorker
. November 10.

18.
The Mind Research Network. Op. cit.

19.
The Mind Research Network. Op. cit.

20.
Holroyd, C. B. and Coles, M. G. H. 2002. The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.
Psychological Review
. 109(4): 679–709.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Glenn, A. L.,
et al.
2010. No Volumetric Differences in the Anterior Cingulate of Psychopathic Individuals.
Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
: 183(2): 140–143.

23.
Christopher Patrick phone interview July 1, 2013; Email correspondence July 11 and 17, 2013.

24.
Craig Bennett email correspondence September 13, 2013.

25.
James Fallon phone interview September 30, 2013.

26.
Kluger, J. 2013. The Evil Brain: What Lurks Inside a Killer’s Mind.
Time
. May 3.

27.
Kravariti, E.,
et al.
2009. Neurocognitive Endophenotypes for Bipolar Disorder: Evidence from Case-Control, Family and Twin Studies
in
Ritsner, M. S. (editor)
The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Gene
. Dordrecht Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media B.V.

28.
Button, K. S.,
et al.
2013. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
. 14(5): 365–376.

29.
Button, K. S. 2013. Unreliable neuroscience? Why power matters.
The Guardian
. April 10.

30.
Button, K. S.,
et al.
2013. Power failure. Op. cit.

31.
Editorial. 2013. Announcement: Reducing our irreproducibility.
Nature
. 496(7446): 398.

32.
Neurobonkers. 2013. The Neuroscience Power Crisis: What’s the fallout? Neurobonkers.
http://bigthink.com/neurobonkers/the-neuroscience-powercrisis-whats-the-fallout
. Accessed 5/32/2013.

33.
Laurance, W. F.,
et al.
2013. Predicting publication success for biologists.
Bioscience
. 63(10): 817–823.

34.
Editorial. Op. cit.

35.
Ibid.

CHAPTER SEVEN: MISSING FEAR AND EMPATHY

1.
Helge Hoff,
et al.
2009. Evidence of Deviant Emotional Processing in Psychopathy: A fMRI Case Study.
International Journal of Neuroscience
. 119(6): 857–878.

2.
Patrick, C. J.,
et al.
1994. Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Fear image processing.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. 103(3): 523–534.

3.
Johns, J. H. and Quay, H. C. 1962. The effect of social reward on verbal conditioning in psychopathic and neurotic military offenders.
Journal of Consulting Psychology
. 26(3): 217–220.