Murderous Minds (37 page)

18.
Sheriff, Jefferson County, Colorado. Ibid.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Cullen. Op. cit., p. 42.

21.
U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series. USFA-TR-128/April, 1999.
Special Report: Wanton Violence at Columbine High School
. p. 7.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Cullen. Op. cit., p. 45.

24.
Ibid., p. 34.

25.
Sheriff, Jefferson County, Colorado. Op. cit.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Cullen. Op. cit., p. 47.

28.
Sheriff, Jefferson County, Colorado. Op. cit.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Kiehl, K. A. and Buckholtz, J. W. 2010. Inside the Mind of a Psychopath.
Scientific American Mind
. September/October. p. 22.

31.
CBS News. 2013. Jared Lee Loughner grew delusional in months before Tucson rampage, police reports show. March 27.
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301201_162-57576492/jared-lee-loughner-grew-delusional-in-months-beforetucson-rampage-police-reports-show/
. Accessed 5/12/2013.

32.
Fast facts. Op. cit.

33.
Yoon, J. H.,
et al.
2013. Impaired Prefrontal-Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity and Substantia Nigra Hyperactivity in Schizophrenia.
Biological Psychiatry
. Published online 7 January. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.018

34.
National Institute of Mental Health. 2013. Mapping Brain Circuits Provides Clues to Schizophrenia, Earlier Detection of Psychosis.
Science News
. February 26.

35.
Harrison, P. J. 1998. The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia, A Critical Review of the Data and their Interpretation.
Brain
: 122(4): 593–624.

36.
Torrey, E. 2011.
Schizophrenia as a Brain Disease: Studies of Individuals Who Have Never Been Treated—Backgrounder
. The Treatment Advocacy Center.
http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/resources/briefing-papers-and-factsheets/159/466
. Accessed 7/3/2011.

37.
Ibid.

38.
Fast facts. Op. cit.

39.
NPR. 2007. Can Science Help Predict Violent Behavior?
Talk of the Nation: Science Friday.
Transcript. April 20.
http://m.npr.org/story/9716365
Accessed 5/2/2013.

40.
Raine, A. 2013.
The Anatomy of Violence, the Biological Roots of Crime.
Pantheon, New York. p. 233.

41.
Friedman, R. A. 2006. Violence and Mental Illness—How Strong is the Link?
New England Journal of Medicine
: 355(20): 2064–2066.

42.
Fazel, S.,
et al.
2009. Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
PLOS Medicine
: 6(8): e1000120. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120.

43.
Cloud, J. 2011. The Troubled Life of Jared Loughner.
Time
. January 15.

44.
Hemphill, J. F.,
et al.
1994. Psychopathy and Substance Use.
Journal of Personality Disorders
: 8(3): 169–180.

45.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI Records: The Vault. Columbine High School Part 1 of 4. p. 38.

46.
Ibid., p. 40 and Achenbach, J. and Russakoff, D. 1999. Teen Shooter’s Life Paints Antisocial Portrait.
The Washington Post
. April 29. p. A1.

47.
Frank Ochberg, M.D. Phone interview, May 30, 2013

48.
Stenson, J. 2009. Destined as a psychopath? Experts seek clues. NBC news. April 20.
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30267075/from/ET/print/1/displaymode/1098/
. Accessed 5/31/2013.

49.
Cullen, D. 2004. The Depressive and the Psychopath, At Last We Know Why the Columbine Killers Did It.
Slate
. April 20.

50.
Ibid.

51.
Pendergast, A. 2001. “I’m Full of Hate and I Love It.” Denver Westward News. December 6.

52.
Ibid.

53.
Interview of Mary Ellen O’Toole, PhD, June 7, 2013. Washington, D.C.

54.
O’Toole and Robert Hare, both of whom attended the meeting, don’t remember this exchange but acknowledged there were several meetings held to discuss the event surrounding the Columbine shootings.

55.
Cullen. 2009. Op. cit., p. 247.

56.
Ochberg, F. 2011.
What is a Psychopath?
Gift From Within-PTSD Resources for Survivors & Caregivers. Produced by Joyce Boaz.

57.
Cullen, D. 2010. The Last Columbine Mystery.
The Daily Beast
. February 24.

58.
Hare, R. D. 1993.
Without Conscience, The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us
. The Guilford Press, New York.

59.
Hart, S. D., and Hare R. D. 1997. Psychopathy: Assessment and Association with Criminal Conduct.
in
Stoff DM, Breiling J. (editors).
Handbook of Antisocial Behaviour
. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

CHAPTER TWO:
KUNLANGETA,
PSYCHOPATHS, AND SOCIOPATH’S: DOES THE LABEL MATTER?

1.
Skeem, J. L.,
et al.
2011. Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy.
Psychological Science in the Public Interest
: 12(3): 95–162

2.
Arctic people living in Canada and Greenland are referred to as Inuit. The term Eskimo is still used in Alaska, according to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History.

3.
Murphy, J. M. 1976. Psychiatric Labeling in Cross–Cultural Perspective.
Science
: 191:1019–1028. Since the current estimate is that approximately 1% of the population in North America are psychopaths, it is possible that the Yup’ik had a lower incidence of disorder, that they used different criteria to identify it or that the sample population was not representative.

4.
Lee, N. 1993. Differential Deviance and Social Control Mechanisms Among Two Groups of Yup’ik Eskimo.
American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research
. 5(2): 57–72.

5.
Paukatuutit Inuit Women of Canada. 2006.
The Inuit Way, A Guide to Inuit Culture
. Canada: Paukatuutlit Inuit Women of Canada.

6.
Murphy. Op. cit.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Tremblay, M–A. 2006. Alexander H. Leighton’s and Jane Murphy’s Scientific Contributions in Psychiatric Epidemiology: A Personal Appreciation.
Transcultural Psychiatry
: 43(1): 7–20.

9.
Murphy. Op. cit.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Pollack, A. 1998. Scientists Seek a New Movie Role: Hero, Not Villain.
The New York Times
. December 01.

12.
Keyes, R. 2006.
The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When
. St. Martin’s Press, New York.

13.
National Institute of Mental Health. The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America.
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-countmental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml#Schizophrenia
. Accessed 3/4/2013.

14.
Kiehl, K. and Hoffman, M. 2011. The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics in Jurimetrics.
The Journal of Law, Science & Technology
. 51(4): 355–397.

15.
Hare, R. D. 1993.
Without Conscience, The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us
. The Guilford Press, New York. p. 74.

16.
Kiehl, K. A. and Buckholtz, J. W. 2010. Inside the Mind of a Psychopath.
Scientific American Mind
. September/October. p. 24.

17.
McEvoy, J. P. 2007. The Costs of Schizophrenia.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry: 68: Suppl 14: 4–7.
.

18.
Prentky, R. A. and Knight, R. A. 1991. Identifying critical dimensions for discriminating among rapists.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
: 59(5): 643–661.

19.
Spiegel, A. 2011.
Can A Test Really Tell Who’s A Psychopath?
NPR broadcast, May 26.

20.
Kent Kiehl and Morris Hoffman also refer to the PCL–R as the “Gold Standard” in their 2011 article The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics. Ibid. It was described in the same way on a grant application prepared in Adrian Raine’s lab according to the discussion of
Controversial Issues in Psychopathy Research
, he led at the 5th
Biannual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy on June 6, 2013. Also, see S. K. Acheson’s chapter “Review of the
Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
, 2nd ed.” in
The Sixteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook
, 2005, edited by R. A. Spies and B. S. Plake, Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, Lincoln, NE.

21.
Skeem, J. L.,
et al.
2011. Op. cit.

22.
Kosson, D. S. and Hare, R. D. 2011.
A Primer On Psychopathy
. Aftermath: Surviving Psychopathy Foundation.
http://aftermath-surviving-psychopathy
. org/index.php/2011/02
24
a-primer-on-psychopathy/. Accessed 3/12/2012.

23.
Kiehl, K. A. and Hoffman, M. A. 2011. The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics.
Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology
: 51(4): 355–397.

24.
Spiegel. Op. cit.

25.
Interview with Robert Hare. June 7, 2013, Washington, D.C.

26.
Robert Hare email correspondence. July 6, 2013.

27.
Hare, R. 2013. Foreword
in
Kiehl, K. A. and Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P. (editors)
Handbook on Psychopathy and Law
. New York: Oxford University Press. p. vii.

28.
Porter, S.,
et al.
2009. Crime profiles and conditional release performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic sexual offenders.
Legal and Criminological Psychology
: 14(1): 109–118.

29.
Porter, S. Email correspondence. July 25, 2013.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Hart, S. D.,
et al.
1995.
The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV)
. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, North Tonawanda, New York.

32.
Using the lower cutoff score is common in Europe, “but it’s actually not very wise,” the developer of the PCL Robert Hare said. Using a score of 25 as a threshold cutoff is okay for some research purposes, “but it runs the danger of including people who have an awful lot of antisocial characteristics and behaviors, but who don’t have the core features of psychopathy.” Interview with Robert Hare. June 7, 2013, Washington, D.C.

33.
Kosson, D. S. and Hare, R. D. Op. cit.

34.
Hare, R. D. 2003.
Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

35.
Williamson, S.,
et al.
1991. Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths.
Psychophysiology
. 28(3): 260–273.

36.
Ibid.

37.
Vronsky, P. 2004.
Serial Killers, The Method and Madness of Monsters
. New York: Berkley Books. pp. 249–258.

38.
See Hare, R. D. 1993. p. 30.

39.
Ramsland, K. 2003.
Dr. Robert Hare: Expert on the Psychopath
. Crime Library, Criminal Minds & Methods.
http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/index.html
. Accessed

40.
Cleckley, H. 1988.
The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify Some Issues About the So Called Psychopathic Personality
, 5th edition, Augusta, Georgia: Emily S. Cleckley.

41.
Book Notices. 1941. The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Reinterpret the So– Called Psychopathic Personality.
The Journal of the American Medical Association
. 17(6): 493.

42.
Sprague, G. S. 1941. The Psychopathology of Psychopathic Personalities.
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
: 17(12): 911–921.

43.
Augstein, H. S. 1996. J. C. Prichard’s Concept of Moral Insanity—A Medical Theory of the Corruption of Human Nature.
Medical History
: 40(3): 311–343.

44.
Lombroso-Ferrero, G. 1911.
Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso
. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. p. 52.

45.
Mason, T. 2006. An Archaeology of the Psychopath, The Medicalization of Evil
in
Mason, T. (editor).
Forensic Psychiatry, Influences of Evil
. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press

46.
Screening (1995) and Youth (2003) versions of the Psychopathy Checklist were also developed by Richard Rogers,
et al.
and by Hare and his colleagues, respectively.

47.
Cooke, D. J. 2004. Reconstructing psychopathy: clarifying the significance of antisocial and socially deviant behavior in the diagnosis of psychopathic personality disorder.
Journal of Personality Disorders
: 18(4): 337–57.

48.
Hare, R. D. and Kosson, D. S. Op. cit.

49.
Raine, A. 2013. Jevon Scott Newman Award-Inaugural Paper:
Controversial Issues in Psychopathy Research
. 5th Biannual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy. June 6.

50.
Skeem, J. L.,
et al.
2011. Op. cit.

51.
Benson, E. 2003. Intelligent Intelligence Testing.
Monitor on Psychology
: 34 (2): 48.

52.
Ibid.

53.
Patrick, C. J.,
et al.
2009. Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness.
Development and Psychopathology
: 21(3): 913–938.