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1
The Reichssicherheitshauptampt, abbreviated RSHA.

2
Lieutenant General.

3
SS National Leader, a title unique to Himmler.

4
Death’s-Head.

5
Major.

6
Sonder
means “special.”

7
Brigadier General.

8
Colonel.

9
The Communist International, the international organization of the Communist Party.

10
Major Generals

11
First Lieutenant.

12
That is, requiring them to sew yellow stars onto their clothing.

13
Sicherheitsdienst, the SS security service, part of Heydrich’s RSHA.

14
It was Einsatzgruppe B until 11 July 1941, when C in Byelorussia and B in the Ukraine exchanged letter designations to conform to their respective positions north and south.

15
Soldier slang, a verbal shrug: “Nothing to do [about it],” or, more pungently: “To hell with it.”

16
Last-Kraft-Wagen: a heavy truck.

17
Second Lieutenant.

18
(Nazi Party) District Leader.

19
The Jewish minister of reconstruction and later minister of foreign affairs for the Weimar Republic.

20
Literally, “writing table perpetrator.”

21
National Flag.

22
National War Flag.

23
Kanzlei des Führers, KdF.

24
That is, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Byelorussia.

25
An inflated reference to Stalin’s partisan order.

26
An allusion to Himmler’s “revenge of the children” rationalization.

27
Τeil
means part or component.

28
Sergeant First Class.

29
NSV: Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt: National Socialist People’s Welfare, a Nazi Party welfare agency.

30
Recalling Blobel’s comparable berserk menacing of the men trying to control him during his early breakdown.

31
Advance commando.

32
“There were no such streets in Kiev,” Kuznetsov comments, “. . . whereas Melnikov and Degtyarev Streets did exist. The order had obviously been written by the Germans themselves with the help of bad translators.”

33
“Faster, faster!”

34
The police battalions.

35
A Sunnite Muslim Turkic-speaking people.

36
Cyclone.

37
Acting Corporal.

38
That is, swaddled: bundled with swaddling cloth.

39
Master Sergeant.

40
District Commissioner.

41
When quicklime, calcium oxide, is slaked—hydrated with water—it becomes calcium hydroxide, a powerful caustic.

42
Jewish Council.

43
Höherer SS und Polizei Führer—i.e., Higher SS and Police Leader.

44
Staff Sergeant.

45
Emphasis added here and below.

46
Emphasis added.

47
It was Belzec.

48
In all, Romanian forces murdered some 260,000 Romanian and 100,000 Ukrainian Jews during the Second World War.

49
They were Otto Ohlendorf (EG D); Heinz Jost (EG A); Erich Naumann (EG B); Otto Rasch (EG C); Erwin Schulz (EK 5); Franz Six (Vorkommando Moskau); Paul Blobel (SK 4a);Walter Blume (SK 7a); Martin Sandberger (SK 1a); Willy Seibert (EG D); Eugen Steimle (SK 7a, SK 4a); Ernst Biberstein (EK 6); Werner Braune (EK 11b); Walter Hänsch (SK 4b); Gustav Nosske (EK 12); Adolf Ott (SK 7b); Eduard Strauch (EK 2); Emil Haussmann (EK 12); Woldemar Klingelhöfer (SK 7b, Vorkommando Moskau); Lothar Fendler (SK 4b); Waldemar von Radetzky (SK 4a); Felix Rühl (SK 10b); Heinz Schubert (EG D); and Matthias Graf (EK 6).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Several people facilitated travel through Eastern Europe visiting killing sites. Kassie Kulikowska guided and translated in Poland, Auste Tamulynaite in Lithuania. Fania Brancovskaja, a Vilnius ghetto survivor and former anti-Nazi partisan who lost all but one member of her extended family to the SS killers, showed me the ghetto environs, the Jewish Museum and Ponary. Halyna Hyrn indefatigably located witnesses and scholars in Ukraine, organized travel and interviews and translated. Faina Vinokurova, vice director of the State Archive of Vinnitsa Oblast, generously shared her scholarship in Vinnitsa. Yuri Orechwa introduced me to Stanislav Shushkevich, who welcomed me to Belarus and guided me to NKVD and SS killing sites in Minsk and eastward, after which Irena Shushkevich restored us with food and conversation.

Ben and Gertrude Ferencz in New Rochelle brought the Einsatzgruppen trial alive. Michael Schmelzle at Yale elegantly translated several crucial documents. Eric Markusen lent me hard-to-find books from his own genocide research collection. Helen Haversat transcribed difficult interviews. Judy Cohen at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum helped me with photo research. I benefited from conversations with Lonnie Athens, Harvey Goldblatt, George Klein, Grazina Miniotaite, Laurie Pearlman, Ron Rosenbaum and Ervin Staub. Morton L. Janklow and Anne Sibbald ably represented me. Jon Segal’s editing made it a better book. Ida Giragossian put the pieces together. Ginger Rhodes, as always, walked beside me down every dark road and into every dark wood.

PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material:

Andrew Ezergailis: Excerpts from
Τhe Holocaust in Latvia 1941–1944
by Andrew Ezergailis (Riga: The Historical Institute of Latvia, 1996). Reprinted by permission of the author.

The Free Press and Penguin Books Ltd.: Excerpts from
Τhe Good Old Days: Τhe Holocaustas Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders,
edited by Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen, and Volker Riess, translated by Deborah Burnstone. Copyright © 1988 by S. Verlag GmbH. Translation copyright © 1991 by Deborah Burnstone. Rights outside of the United States from
Τhose Were the Days: Τhe Holocaust Τhrough the Eyes of the
Perpetrators and Bystanders
administered by Penguin Books Ltd., London. Reprinted by permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., and Penguin Books Ltd.

Harvard University Press: Excerpts from
Surviving the Holocaust: Τhe Kovno Ghetto
Diary
by Avraham Tory, edited by Martin Gilbert, translated by Jerzy Michaelowicz, with textual and historical notes by Dina Porat (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.) Copyright © 1990 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission of Harvard University Press.

David Higham Associates: Excerpts from
Τhe Kersten Memoirs 1940–1945
by Felix Kersten, translated by Constance Fitzgibbon (London: Hutchinson UK, 1957). Reprinted by permission of David Higham Associates.

Mrs. Chaia Lazar: Excerpts from
Destruction and Resistance
by Chaim Lazar, translated from Hebrew by Galia Eden Barship (Shengold Publishers, 1985). Reprinted by permission of Mrs. Chaia Lazar.

Mrs. William Mishell: Excerpts from
Kaddish for Kovno
by William Mishell (Chicago Review Press, 1988). Reprinted by permission of Mrs. William Mishell.

Peter Padfield: Excerpts from
Himmler
by Peter Padfield. Copyright © 1990 by Peter Padfield. Reprinted by permission of the author.

Pantheon Books, Theo Richmond and The Random House Group Limited: Excerpts from
Konin: A Quest
by Theo Richmond (New York: Pantheon Books and London: Jonathan Cape). Copyright © 1995 by Theo Richmond. Reprinted by permission of Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., Theo Richmond and The Random House Group Limited.