Massacre (52 page)

57.
Ibid., pp. 108–14, 127; Archibald Forbes, ‘What I Saw of the Commune’,
Century Illustrated Magazine
45:1 (November 1892), p. 66. The Commune’s Commission des Finances oversaw income: Bank of France, 15 million francs;
octrois
, just over 12.2 million; direct taxes, 373,813; industry and tobacco, 2.63 million; stamps and registrations of documents, 800,000; markets, 814,323; railways, 2 million; reimbursements by the National Guard, 1 million; various other revenues, 50,000: money seized, around 6.61 million: total, nearly 41.95 million francs. The Commune spent about 42 million francs, 33 million of which went to the War Delegation, mostly to pay National Guard salaries, or to the arrondissements (Tombs,
The Paris Commune
, pp. 90–3; Rials,
Nouvelle histoire
, pp. 380–2).

58.
Rials,
Nouvelle histoire
, pp. 411–13; Willette,
Raoul Rigault
, pp. 125–6.

59.
Reclus,
La Commune de Paris
, p. 278; W. Gibson,
Paris During the Commune
(London, 1895), pp. 196, 206–7; Jean-François Lecaillon, ed.,
La Commune de Paris racontée par les Parisiens
(2009), p. 112; Choury,
Bonjour Monsieur Courbet!
, p. 86; Rougerie,
Procès des Communards
, pp. 197, 206–7; 8J 3e conseil de guerre 36, dossier Fortuné Henry.

60.
Paul Martine,
Souvenirs d’insurgé: La Commune de 1871
(1971), pp. 103–5. After the Commune, the ‘
hommes d’ordre
’declared such marriages null and void; one would have thought such individuals would have been pleased that such people were no longer in
unions libre
, so common among working people, of which they disapproved.

61.
Stewart Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
(London, 1971), p. 289 and Chapter 9.

62.
Johnson,
The Paradise of Association
, pp. 153–5, 171–84; Eugene Schulkind, ‘The Activity of Popular Organizations During the Paris Commune of 1871’,
French Historical Studies
4 (1960), pp. 400, 408. They were more likely to have had some sort of prior conviction for an offence against ‘public order’, thus a political offence under the Second Empire.

63.
Sutter-Laumann,
Histoire
, pp. 274–89.

64.
Vizetelly,
My Adventures
, p. 115; Becker,
Paris Under Siege
, pp. 246, 248–50, 258, 265.

65.
Jules Bourelly (Général),
Le ministère de la Guerre sous la Commune
(n.d), p. 243; Mendès,
Les 73 jours
, p. 193.

66.
Paul Vignon,
Rien que ce que j’ai vu! Le siège de Paris – la Commune
(1913), pp. 97–100, 114 (Édouard, 22, 24 and 30 March; Paul, 22 and 28 March), 137, 154–5 (Henri, 14 and 19 April).

67.
Vignon,
Rien que ce que j’ai vu!
, pp. 184–5 (domestics, 7 May).

68.
Ibid., p. 157.

69.
Ibid., pp. 109–119, 137, 145–6 (Henri, 10 April; Édouard, 28 and 30 March; Paul, 29 March and 2 and 15 April).

70.
Reclus,
La Commune de Paris
, p. 246.

71.
Vignon,
Rien que ce que j’ai vu!
, pp. 121–5 (Édouard and Henri, 4 April).

72.
Ibid., pp. 130–3 (Henri, 8 April), 154–5 (Henri, 19 April).

73.
Ibid., pp. 190–1 (Henri, 13 May).

74.
Gullickson,
Unruly Women
, pp. 144–7.

75.
Washburne,
Franco-German War
, 4, 13, 14, 16 and 20 April.

76.
Tombs,
The Paris Commune
, pp. 130–1; Leighton,
Paris Under the Commune
, pp. 215–16.

77.
Hoffman,
Camp, Court, and Siege
, p. 260.

78.
Vignon,
Rien que ce que j’ai vu!
, pp. 160–72.

79.
Sutter-Laumann,
Histoire
, pp. 275–6.

80.
Charles Beslay,
Mes souvenirs 1830–1848–1870
(1979), pp. 374–80 (letter of 24 April).

81.
Éric Fournier,
Paris en ruines: du Paris haussmannien au Paris communard
(2008), pp. 65–7; Vizetelly,
My Adventures
, pp. 105–6; 8J 3e conseil de guerre 6, dossier 29/5 (Gustave Courbet), interrogation, 3 July 1871; Dittmar,
Gustave Courbet
, p. 147; Léonce Dupont,
Souvenirs de Versailles pendant la Commune
(1881), pp. 146–7.

82.
Edwards,
The Communards
, p. 134.

4 The Commune Versus the Cross

1.
Jean Baronnet, ed.
Enquête sur la Commune de Paris (La Revue Blanche)
(2011), p. 140; Jacques-Olivier Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy (1813–1871)
(2011), p. 144.

2.
Joseph-Alfred Foulon,
Histoire de la vie et des oeuvres de Mgr Darboy, archevêque de Paris
(1889), pp. 1–25; Archives Nationales, F19 2555; Joseph Abel Guillermin,
Vie de Mgr Darboy, archevêque de Paris, mis à mort en haine de la foi le 24 mai 1871
(1888), p. 13; Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy
, pp. 11–15, 23–4; Jacques-Olivier Boudon, ‘Une nomination épiscopale sous le Second Empire: l’abbé Darboy à l’assaut de Paris’,
Revue de l’histoire moderne et contemporaine
39: 3 (1992), p. 467; Archives Nationales, F19 2555; L’Abbé Omer Maurette,
Monseigneur Georges Darboy, archévêque de Paris, sa vie, ses œuvres
(1863); Charles Chauvin,
Mgr Darboy, archevêque de Paris, otage de la Commune (1813–1871)
(2011), pp. 12–13. A survey undertaken by Monseigneur Pierre-Louis Parisis revealed that between 8 and 16 per cent of men, and more than 60 per cent of women, practised their religion in Haute-Marne (Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy
, p. 18). The demolition of Notre-Dame-du-Fayl-Billot began in 1878, but parishioners expressed sufficient opposition that the choir remains, along with two very small lateral chapels and the sacristy. Élie-Jean-Baptiste was born in 1815 and became a merchant in Nancy; Eugénie married a merchant in Fayl-Billot.

3.
Maurette,
Monseigneur Georges Darboy
, pp. 1–11; Lewis C. Price,
Archbishop Darboy and some French Tragedies, 1813–1871
(London, n.d.), p. 144.

4.
Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy
, pp. 26–31; Boudon, ‘Une nomination épiscopal’, pp. 470–2; Jacques Gadille, ‘Georges Darboy Archevêque de Paris’,
Mélanges offerts a M. le doyen André Latreille
(Lyon, 1972), pp. 187–97. He soon published
Les Femmes de la Bible
and
La Vie des saints illustré
,
Saint-Augustin
.

5.
George Dorboy,
Statistique relegieuse du diocèse de Paris: Mémoire sur l’état présent du diocèse
(1856); Boudon, ‘Une promotion épiscopal’, pp. 474–5; Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 170–81. On 3 January 1857, Sibour became the second consecutive archbishop of Paris to meet a violent end, stabbed to death by a priest who had been barred from the
priesthood by the Pope because he was an outspoken opponent of the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.

6.
Imbert de Saint-Amand,
Deux Victimes de la Commune
(1888), pp. 13–25; Price,
Archbishop Darboy
, p. 146; Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy
, p. 45; Élie Reclus,
La Commune de Paris au jour le jour
(2011), p. 76.

7.
Archives Nationales, F19 2555, letter of the prefect of Meurthe-et-Moselle, 1 March 1862.

8.
Alexis Pierron,
Mgr Darboy: Esquisses familières
(1872), p. 8; Archives Nationales, F19 1954, Ministre des cultes to Ministre des affaires étrangères, 13 January 1863; Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy
, pp. 41, 64–6, 110–11, 103–4, 117–20. Empress Eugénie, however, strongly supported Deguerry’s candidacy. With their son’s ascension to his new post, the most important in the French Catholic Church, Darboy’s parents began to
vous-vous
him.

9.
Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 380, 414–21, 430, 435, 616; Anonymous,
La Vérité sur Mgr Darboy
(Gien, 1889), p. 58; Price,
Archbishop Darboy
, p. 145; Pierron,
Mgr Darboy
, p. 191.

10.
Adrien Dansette,
Religious History of Modern France
, vol. l (New York, 1961), pp. 303–6; Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 438–43, 460–5, 501, 505; Price,
Archbishop Darboy
, pp. 125–7; Jacques-Olivier Boudon,
Monseigneur Darboy
, pp. 127–37; Chauvin,
Mgr Darboy
, pp. 115, 306. Darboy presided over the funeral of a leading figure among France’s Freemasons, seemingly oblivious to the presence of Masonic signs.

11.
Foulon,
Histoire
, p. 509; Guillermin,
Vie de Mgr Darboy
, pp. 313–17; Gustave Gautherot,
Thiers et Mgr Darboy
(1910), pp. 4–6.

12.
Foulon,
Histoire
, pp. 515–22; Gautherot,
Thiers et Mgr Darboy
, pp. 11–12
;
L’Abbé [Henri-Pierre] Lamazou,
La Place Vendôme et la Roquette
(1876), p. 226; Olivier Marion, ‘La vie religieuse pendant la Commune de Paris 1871’ (unpublished master’s thesis, Paris-X Nanterre, 1981), p. 262. Rigault’s inclination was to have Darboy and others shot immediately, in retaliation for the Versaillais execution of Duval and Flourens (Luc Willette,
Raoul Rigault, 25 ans, Communard, chef de police
(1984)), p. 141.

13.
Jean-Baptiste Clément,
La revanche des Communeux
(1886), p. 178; Pierre Vésinier,
History of the Commune of Paris
(1872), p. 309; L.P. Guénin,
Assassinat des otages: Sixième conseil de guerre
(1871), pp. 295–6. An article by Rigault in
La Sociale
accused the clergy of having aided the Prussians.

14.
Paul Perny (R.P),
Deux mois de prison sous la Commune, suivi de détails authentiques sur l’assassinat de Mgr l’archevêque de Paris
(1871), pp. 35, 38; Willette,
Raoul Rigault
, p. 136; A. Rastoul,
L’Église de Paris sous la Commune
, pp. 25–6, 39, 55–6, 85–6, 117–18; Ernest A. Vizetelly,
My Adventures in the Commune
(n.p., 2009 [1914]), p. 109; Gaston Da Costa,
Mémoires d’un Communard: la Commune vécue
(2009), pp. 158–9; Stéphane Rials,
Nouvelle histoire de Paris de Trochu à Thiers 1870–1873
(1985), p. 450; Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 70–1, counts 148 priests arrested. Thirty-six of sixty-six curés were taken to prison, although some were held only briefly; twenty-five were described as ‘in flight’.

15.
Saint-Amand,
Deux Victimes
, p. 83; Antoine-Auguste Vidieu (Abbé),
Histoire de la Commune de Paris en 1871
, vol. 1 (1876), p. 232.

16.
Clément,
La revanche des Communeux
, p. 168.

17.
Procès-Verbaux de la Commune de 1871
, vol. 1 (1924), pp. 145–8; Willette,
Raoul Rigault
, pp. 109–13, 143–4; Vizetelly,
My Adventures
, pp. 118–19. Willette (
Raoul Rigault
, p. 128) notes that the total number of arrests carried out during the Commune was 3,632. However, this number includes arrests for crimes and misdemeanours – the total number of ‘political’ arrests, including of those freed quite quickly, was probably no more than several hundred (ibid., p. 129).

18.
Stewart Edwards,
The Paris Commune 1871
(newton Abbot, 1971), pp. 268–9; Gérard Dittmar,
Histoire des femmes dans la Commune de Paris
(2003), p. 89; William Serman,
La Commune de Paris
(1986), pp. 387–9; S. Froumov,
La Commune de Paris et la
démocratisation de l’école
(Moscow, 1964), pp. 16–17, 113; Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 54–7.

19.
Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 52–3; Eugene Schulkind, ‘Socialist Women During the 1871 Paris Commune’,
Past and Present
106 (February 1985), p. 136; Froumov,
La Commune de Paris
, pp. 48–9, 70, 148.

20.
Stewart Edwards, ed.,
The Communards of Paris, 1871
(Ithaca, NY, 1973), pp. 117–20. On 21 May the Commune appointed a commission to organise the education of girls.

21.
Georges Bourgin,
La Commune de Paris
(1971), pp. 46–7.

22.
Édouard Moriac,
Paris sous la Commune
(1871), pp. 336–7.

23.
Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 59–61; Bertrand Taithe,
Defeated Flesh: Medicine, Welfare, and Warfare in the Making of Modern France
(Manchester, 1999), pp. 131–5, 150–2.

24.
Carolyn Eichner,
Surmounting the Barricades: Women in the Paris Commune
(Bloomington, IN, 2004), p. 136; Marion, ‘La vie religieuse’, pp. 245–9; S. Sakharov,
Lettres au Père Duchêne pendant la Commune de Paris
(1934), pp. 51–2, 55 (30 and 27 April 1871); Jacques Rougerie,
Paris libre 1871
(1971), p. 195.

25.
Rials,
Nouvelle histoire
, pp. 456–7; Serman,
La Commune de Paris
, p. 292; Edwards,
The Paris Commune
, pp. 282–3; Martin Phillip Johnson,
The Paradise of Association: Political Culture and Popular Organisations in the Paris Commune of 1871
(Ann Arbor, MI, 1996), pp. 197–200.

26.
Carolyn Eichner, ‘“We Must Shoot the Priests”: Revolutionary Women and Anti-clericalism in the Paris Commune of 1871’, in
Cities Under Siege/Situazioni d’Assedio/États de Siège
, ed. Lucia Carle and Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux (Florence, 2002), p. 268.