Mary Tudor (84 page)
Authors: Linda Porter
11
9 September 1553, ibid., 11, p. 125.
9 September 1553, ibid., 11, p. 125.
12
Proclamation of 28 July 1553, in
Tudor Royal Proclamations
, ed. P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin (1969), vol. 2, p. 4.
Proclamation of 28 July 1553, in
Tudor Royal Proclamations
, ed. P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin (1969), vol. 2, p. 4.
13
7 August 1553,
Cal SP Venetian
, 5, p. 764.
7 August 1553,
Cal SP Venetian
, 5, p. 764.
14
8 October 1553, ibid., 5,p.425.
8 October 1553, ibid., 5,p.425.
15
Quoted in Eamon Duffy and David Loades (eds),
The Church of Mary Tudor
(2006), p. 19.
Quoted in Eamon Duffy and David Loades (eds),
The Church of Mary Tudor
(2006), p. 19.
16
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, p. 169.
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, p. 169.
17
Cal SP Foreign
, 1553-8, ed.W.Turnbull (1861), p. 4.
Cal SP Foreign
, 1553-8, ed.W.Turnbull (1861), p. 4.
18
Ambassades de Messieurs de Noailles en Angleterre
, vol. 3, dispatches of 29 and 31 July and 4 and 7 August 1553, pp. 96-106.
Ambassades de Messieurs de Noailles en Angleterre
, vol. 3, dispatches of 29 and 31 July and 4 and 7 August 1553, pp. 96-106.
19
When the ambassadors presented letters from Charles V on 4 September 1553, Mary said she would need time to read them ‘as she was not familiar with your Majesty’s handwriting’.This may, however, have just been quick-wittedness on her part. She wanted to make sure there were no direct references to her having written personally to Charles without the knowledge of the privy council.
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, p. 200.
When the ambassadors presented letters from Charles V on 4 September 1553, Mary said she would need time to read them ‘as she was not familiar with your Majesty’s handwriting’.This may, however, have just been quick-wittedness on her part. She wanted to make sure there were no direct references to her having written personally to Charles without the knowledge of the privy council.
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, p. 200.
20
Report by Francisco Duarte to Prince Philip, 9 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 221-7.
Report by Francisco Duarte to Prince Philip, 9 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 221-7.
21
16 August 1553, ibid., 11,p.169.
16 August 1553, ibid., 11,p.169.
22
Undated, late August 1553, ibid., 11,p.196.
Undated, late August 1553, ibid., 11,p.196.
23
9 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 220-21.
9 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 220-21.
24
Charles V to Renard, 23 August 1553, ibid., 11, p. 180.
Charles V to Renard, 23 August 1553, ibid., 11, p. 180.
25
Cal SP Venetian
, 6ii, p. 1084.
Cal SP Venetian
, 6ii, p. 1084.
26
BL Cotton MS Titus A xxiv,
f. 83V.
BL Cotton MS Titus A xxiv,
f. 83V.
27
19 October 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, p. 308.
19 October 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, p. 308.
28
20 August 1553,
SPD Mary I
, no. 12.
20 August 1553,
SPD Mary I
, no. 12.
29
28 June 1554, ibid., no. 119.
28 June 1554, ibid., no. 119.
30
J. R. Planché,
Regal Records, or a Chronicle of the Coronations of the Queens Regnant of England
(1838), p. 3. Waits were bands of musicians playing wind instruments; shawmes were an early type of clarinet.
J. R. Planché,
Regal Records, or a Chronicle of the Coronations of the Queens Regnant of England
(1838), p. 3. Waits were bands of musicians playing wind instruments; shawmes were an early type of clarinet.
31
Guaras,
The Accession of Queen Mary
, p. 118.
Guaras,
The Accession of Queen Mary
, p. 118.
32
Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, quoted in R.Tittler (ed.),
The Reign of Mary I
(1991), pp. 84-5.The caul referred to is a net cap used to keep the hair in place.There is disagreement about what Mary actually wore during the state entry.The account of French ambassador Noailles has her wearing a mantle and kirtle of cloth of gold, furred with miniver and powdered ermines.
See Regal Records
, p. 5.
Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, quoted in R.Tittler (ed.),
The Reign of Mary I
(1991), pp. 84-5.The caul referred to is a net cap used to keep the hair in place.There is disagreement about what Mary actually wore during the state entry.The account of French ambassador Noailles has her wearing a mantle and kirtle of cloth of gold, furred with miniver and powdered ermines.
See Regal Records
, p. 5.
33
The duchess of Norfolk herself died less than two weeks after Queen Mary, on 30 November 1558.
The duchess of Norfolk herself died less than two weeks after Queen Mary, on 30 November 1558.
34
Chronicle QJ&QM,
pp. 27-31.
Chronicle QJ&QM,
pp. 27-31.
35
Planché,
Regal Records
, p. 11.
Planché,
Regal Records
, p. 11.
36
30 September 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, pp. 259-60.
30 September 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, pp. 259-60.
37
The last queen consort to be crowned, Anne Boleyn, had gone to the ceremony with loosened hair, but it seems unlikely that Mary would wish to have been connected with her mother’s usurper by copying her.
The last queen consort to be crowned, Anne Boleyn, had gone to the ceremony with loosened hair, but it seems unlikely that Mary would wish to have been connected with her mother’s usurper by copying her.
38
Planché,
Regal Records
, p. 16.
Planché,
Regal Records
, p. 16.
39
Ibid., p. 17.
Ibid., p. 17.
Wyatt’s Rebellion
1
2 and 7 August 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, pp. 132, 153.
2 and 7 August 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, pp. 132, 153.
2
8 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.213.
8 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.213.
3
7 August and 8 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 154, 212.
7 August and 8 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 154, 212.
4
30 July 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 126-7.
30 July 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 126-7.
5
22 August 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 177-8.
22 August 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 177-8.
6
8 September and 10 October 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 213, 290.
8 September and 10 October 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 213, 290.
7
29 December 1553, ibid., 11,p.467.
29 December 1553, ibid., 11,p.467.
8
13 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 230-31.
13 September 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 230-31.
9
9 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.228.
9 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.228.
10
5 October 1553, ibid., 11,p.266.
5 October 1553, ibid., 11,p.266.
11
10 October 1553, ibid., 11, p. 284.
10 October 1553, ibid., 11, p. 284.
12
8 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.213.
8 September 1553, ibid., 11,p.213.
13
12 October 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 288-93.
12 October 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 288-93.
14
28 October 1553, ibid., 11,p.321.
28 October 1553, ibid., 11,p.321.
15
31 October 1553, ibid., 11, p. 328.
31 October 1553, ibid., 11, p. 328.
16
17 November 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 363-5.
17 November 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 363-5.
17
20 November 1553, ibid., 11, p. 372.
20 November 1553, ibid., 11, p. 372.
18
4 November 1553, ibid., 11, p. 335.
4 November 1553, ibid., 11, p. 335.
19
28 November 1553, ibid., 11 p. 393.
28 November 1553, ibid., 11 p. 393.
20
17 December 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 439-40.
17 December 1553, ibid., 11, pp. 439-40.
21
Quoted in E. H. Harbison,
Rival Ambassadors at the Court of Queen Mary
(1940), p. 116.
Quoted in E. H. Harbison,
Rival Ambassadors at the Court of Queen Mary
(1940), p. 116.
22
Quoted in D. Loades,
Two Tudor Conspiracies
(1992), p. 115.
Quoted in D. Loades,
Two Tudor Conspiracies
(1992), p. 115.
23
Draft of 7 December 1553,
Cal SPD Mary I,
pp. 13-14. It is unclear whether this was the precise text that Lord Chancellor Gardiner used when presenting the treaty at court on 14 January 1554.
Draft of 7 December 1553,
Cal SPD Mary I,
pp. 13-14. It is unclear whether this was the precise text that Lord Chancellor Gardiner used when presenting the treaty at court on 14 January 1554.
24
Cited in Harbison,
Rival Ambassadors
, p. 119.
Cited in Harbison,
Rival Ambassadors
, p. 119.
25
Chronicle QJ&QM
, pp. 34-5.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, pp. 34-5.
26
SPD Mary I
, no. 28.
SPD Mary I
, no. 28.
27
26 January 1554, Hearne,
Sylloge Epistolarum
, pp. 154-5. It is not clear how Mary knew of the possibility that her sister might move to Donnington. Renard and his network of informers may have alerted her. Elizabeth, under interrogation in March, claimed that she did not even know she owned a house at Donnington. See Chapter 10.
26 January 1554, Hearne,
Sylloge Epistolarum
, pp. 154-5. It is not clear how Mary knew of the possibility that her sister might move to Donnington. Renard and his network of informers may have alerted her. Elizabeth, under interrogation in March, claimed that she did not even know she owned a house at Donnington. See Chapter 10.
28
Undated, January 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 12, p. 50.
Undated, January 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 12, p. 50.
29
29 January,
SPD Mary I
, no. 46.
29 January,
SPD Mary I
, no. 46.
30
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
, vi, pp. 414-15.
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
, vi, pp. 414-15.
31
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 128.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 128.
32
Ibid., p. 133.
Ibid., p. 133.
33
Gertrude Courtenay died less than two months before Mary in September 1558. She had been unwell over several years but it is not known whether her death was hastened by the influenza epidemic of 1558.
Gertrude Courtenay died less than two months before Mary in September 1558. She had been unwell over several years but it is not known whether her death was hastened by the influenza epidemic of 1558.
34
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 59.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 59.
35
Quoted in Alison Plowden,
Lady Jane Grey
(Stroud, 2003), p. 145.
Quoted in Alison Plowden,
Lady Jane Grey
(Stroud, 2003), p. 145.
36
Ibid., p. 148.
Ibid., p. 148.
37
Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, Jane’s father, was executed on 23 February. So far as is known, his wife made no plea for clemency, as she had done seven months earlier.
Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, Jane’s father, was executed on 23 February. So far as is known, his wife made no plea for clemency, as she had done seven months earlier.
38
11 February 1554,
SPD Mary I,
no. 86.
11 February 1554,
SPD Mary I,
no. 86.
39
Chronicle QJ&QM
, pp. 69-70.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, pp. 69-70.
40
17 March 1554, in Leah S. Marcus et al. (eds),
Elizabeth I, Collected Works
, (Chicago, 2000).
17 March 1554, in Leah S. Marcus et al. (eds),
Elizabeth I, Collected Works
, (Chicago, 2000).
King Philip
1
29 November 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, pp. 398-9.
29 November 1553,
Cal SP Spanish
, 11, pp. 398-9.
2
Document drawn up ‘in the noble town of Valladolid’ on 4 January 1554. Among the witnesses were the duke of Alba, master of Philip’s household, and Ruy Gómez de Silva, his chamberlain.
Cal SP Spanish
, 12, pp. 4-5.
Document drawn up ‘in the noble town of Valladolid’ on 4 January 1554. Among the witnesses were the duke of Alba, master of Philip’s household, and Ruy Gómez de Silva, his chamberlain.
Cal SP Spanish
, 12, pp. 4-5.
3
Ibid., 12, p. 6.
Ibid., 12, p. 6.
4
Ibid., 12, p. 8.
Ibid., 12, p. 8.
5
Ibid., 11, p. 367. The portrait of Philip, in armour, is now in the Prado Museum in Madrid.
Ibid., 11, p. 367. The portrait of Philip, in armour, is now in the Prado Museum in Madrid.
6
19 February 1554, ibid., 12,p.121.
19 February 1554, ibid., 12,p.121.
7
Hearne,
Sylloge Epistolarum
, p. 156.
Hearne,
Sylloge Epistolarum
, p. 156.
8
See D. Starkey,
Elizabeth
(London, 2001), pp. 143-4.
See D. Starkey,
Elizabeth
(London, 2001), pp. 143-4.
9
From ‘Memoirs of Sir James Croft’,
Retrospective Review
, series 2, vol. 1 (1827), pp. 474-9.
From ‘Memoirs of Sir James Croft’,
Retrospective Review
, series 2, vol. 1 (1827), pp. 474-9.
10
Chronicle QJ&QM
, pp. 73-4.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, pp. 73-4.
11
‘State Papers relating to the custody of the Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock, in 1554’, ed. R. C. Manning,
Norfolk Archaeology,
4 (1855), pp. 133-231.
‘State Papers relating to the custody of the Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock, in 1554’, ed. R. C. Manning,
Norfolk Archaeology,
4 (1855), pp. 133-231.
12
The 1352 treason statute covered only female consorts of the monarch.
The 1352 treason statute covered only female consorts of the monarch.
13
Act concerning the regal power (1554) in Stephenson and Marcham (eds),
Sources of English Constitutional History
(New York, 1937), p. 328.
Act concerning the regal power (1554) in Stephenson and Marcham (eds),
Sources of English Constitutional History
(New York, 1937), p. 328.
14
Philip was advised to reduce the number of troops to 4,000 before he left.
Philip was advised to reduce the number of troops to 4,000 before he left.
15
Simon Renard and M. de Courrières to the emperor, 26 July 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 1.
Simon Renard and M. de Courrières to the emperor, 26 July 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 1.
16
‘John Elder’s Letter describing the arrival and marriage of King Philip, his triumphal entry into London, the legation of Cardinal Pole, etc’,
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 139.
‘John Elder’s Letter describing the arrival and marriage of King Philip, his triumphal entry into London, the legation of Cardinal Pole, etc’,
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 139.
17
It is difficult to understand this as anything other than Spanish prejudice. A contemporary portrait of Eleanor, sister of Charles V, shows her in furred sleeves much more voluminous than anything Mary ever wore.
It is difficult to understand this as anything other than Spanish prejudice. A contemporary portrait of Eleanor, sister of Charles V, shows her in furred sleeves much more voluminous than anything Mary ever wore.
18
29 July 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 2.
29 July 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 2.
19
Ibid., 13, p. 9.
Ibid., 13, p. 9.
20
Ibid., 13, p. 10.
Ibid., 13, p. 10.
21
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 167.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 167.
22
Late 1558,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 442.
Late 1558,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 442.
23
For further discussion of the significance of this and related matters of precedence in the marriage ceremony, see Alexander Samson, ‘Changing Places: the marriage and royal entry of Philip, Prince of Austria and Mary Tudor’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
, xxxvi(3) (2005).
For further discussion of the significance of this and related matters of precedence in the marriage ceremony, see Alexander Samson, ‘Changing Places: the marriage and royal entry of Philip, Prince of Austria and Mary Tudor’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
, xxxvi(3) (2005).
24
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 168.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 168.
25
I am indebted to Tanya Elliott for this description.
I am indebted to Tanya Elliott for this description.
26
Lady Margaret Clifford was the daughter of the earl of Cumberland and his first wife, Eleanor Brandon, sister of Frances Brandon. She was herself married in February 1555 to Henry Strange, later the third earl of Derby, in a splendid ceremony in the Chapel Royal of Whitehall Palace. Mary seems to have been fond of this young relative, who had herself a claim to the throne.
Lady Margaret Clifford was the daughter of the earl of Cumberland and his first wife, Eleanor Brandon, sister of Frances Brandon. She was herself married in February 1555 to Henry Strange, later the third earl of Derby, in a splendid ceremony in the Chapel Royal of Whitehall Palace. Mary seems to have been fond of this young relative, who had herself a claim to the throne.
27
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 142.
Chronicle QJ&QM
, p. 142.
28
Ibid., p. 170.
Ibid., p. 170.
29
‘An account of what has befallen in the realm of England since Prince Philip landed there …’, written by a Spanish gentleman, 17 August 1554, in
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 31.
‘An account of what has befallen in the realm of England since Prince Philip landed there …’, written by a Spanish gentleman, 17 August 1554, in
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 31.
30
2 August 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 13.
2 August 1554,
Cal SP Spanish
, 13, p. 13.
31
15 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.28.
15 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.28.
32
12 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.26.
12 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.26.
33
November 1554, ibid., 13, p. 95.
November 1554, ibid., 13, p. 95.
34
23 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.35.
23 August 1554, ibid., 13,p.35.
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