Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (62 page)

24
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 65; Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies’, p. 91.

25
Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies’, p. 94.
Notes to Pages 261–269

26
Ostroumova-Lebedeva, 22 May 1942, in Simmons and Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege
, p. 32.

27
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, pp. 38, 42–3, 60 (12 and 29 November 1941, 27 January 1942).

28
Aleksandr Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
, p. 82 (3 April 1942); Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, pp. 230–31. See also Ivan Zhilinsky, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’,
Voprosy istorii
, 5, 1996, 22 December 1941, p. 9, on Leningraders trading dresses and hats with the workers at the pig farm behind the Serafimovskoye cemetery.

29
Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 187, p. 436.

30
Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, in
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 5, p. 234.

31
Report to Zhdanov by the head of the ‘instructors’ department’ of the city Party Committee, Antyufeyev, 27 January 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v, delo 5760.

32
Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies’, pp. 96, 106; Leon Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 192. See also the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule B, vol. 2, case 260, pp. 6, 14 (available online from the Widener Library).

33
Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, p. 253; Vasili Yershov, untitled typescript, Research Program on the USSR, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, p. 72.

34
Nikolai Ribkovsky, in Nataliya Kozlova, ed.,
Sovyetskiye lyudi: stseni i istorii
, pp. 264, 267–9, 276.

35
Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 1, pp. 151–2.

36
See Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 126, p. 273.

37
Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, p. 223.

38
Report to Kuznetsov, 28 November 1941. Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 127, pp. 274–6.

39
Report of 28–29 January 1942. Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 64, pp. 281, 284.

Chapter 14: ‘Robinson Crusoe Was a Lucky Man’

1
Aleksandr Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
, p. 63 (21 February 1942).

2
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 75 (31 March 1942).

3
Georgi Knyazev, 22 February 1942, in Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, p. 450.

4
In the second half of March, according to a report to Beria of 4 April 1942, 7,540 houses, 1,020 cows, 134 horses and 92 other livestock were confiscated. See Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 9, p. 37.

5
See a report from the Oranienbaum district soviet of 1 April 1942, in Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade:
sbornik dokumentov
, doc. 184, pp. 430–33. Also Irina Reznikova (Flige), ‘Repressii v period blokady Leningrada’,
Vestnik
‘
Memoriala’
,
no. 4/5 (10/11), p. 99.

6
NKVD report of 1 October 1942. Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 190, p. 442.
Notes to Pages 269–281

7
Report to Zhdanov and Kuznetsov from Antyufeyev, 21 March 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v, delo 5760.

8
Dzeniskevich ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 146, p. 308.

9
Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, pp. 245–6.

10
Yelena Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader
, pp. 60–61 (29 and 30 January 1942).

11
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 312.

12
Ibid., p. 344.

13
Ibid., p. 388.

14
Ibid., p. 416.

15
Ibid., pp. 483–93.

16
Dmitri Pavlov,
Leningrad 1941: The Blockade
, p. 164. The war correspondent Alexander Werth equally erroneously describes the Ice Road as working ‘like clockwork’ (
Russia at War, 1941–1945
, p. 332).

17
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 185.

18
Ibid., pp. 435–8.

19
Vladimir Kulyabko, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’,
Neva
, 3, 2004, pp. 262–7.

20
For an account of an evacuation journey at the end of March 1942, see Yelena Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, pp. 101–9.

21
Pavlov,
Leningrad 1941
, p. 164.

22
Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, p. 108 (11 and 15 April 1942).

23
Report to the Leningrad oblast Party committee, 5 March 1942. Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 137, pp. 292–4.

24
Skryabina,
Siege and Survival
, pp. 78, 101–2 (25 February and 11 April 1942).

Chapter 15: Corpse-Eating and Person-Eating

1
Dmitri Pavlov,
Leningrad 1941: The Blockade
, pp. 127–8.

2
Yelena Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, pp. 55–6, 59 (15 and 19 December 1941).

3
See for example Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, pp. 82–4.
Notes to Pages 281–285

4
Letters from Kosygin to Zhdanov, 10 and 17 February 1942. Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
, docs 106 and 134, pp. 228, 288; Richard Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds,
The People’s War: Responses to World War Two in the Soviet Union
, p. 90. See also Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 92.

5
Report to Zhdanov by the ‘organisers’ department’ of the Leningrad Party Committee, 4 January 1942. Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 176, p. 414.

6
Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
,
vol. 5, p. 204.

7
Report to Popkov by the head of the city food trade organisation, 15 January 1942. Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 178, pp. 418–20. Also see an NKVD report to Beria of 23 February 1942, in Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 67, p. 296.

8
Report to Zhdanov and Kuznetsov from Antyufeyev, 9 January 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v, delo 5760.

9
On increased security measures, see a report by the city militia to Popkov of 30 January 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 179, p. 420. On the results see an NKVD report to Zhdanov, March 1942, in Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 68, p. 301.

10
Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, pp. 60–64 (20, 21, 22 and 26 December 1941); pp. 80–83 (17, 18 and 23 January 1942).

11
Boris Belozerov, ‘Crime during the Siege’, in John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich, eds,
Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad 1941
–
44
, London, 2005, p. 223.

12
NKVD reports to Zhdanov of 13 December 1941, 28–29 January, 23 February and March 1942. Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, docs 56, 64 and 68, pp. 255–6, 283, 295, 300. Report to Zhdanov and Kuznetsov from Antyufeyev of 9 January 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v, delo 5760.

13
Report of 10 February 1942, in Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 23, p. 83.

14
See also the record of a Party meeting ‘on strengthened vigilance’ of 9 January 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 177, p. 418. One of the attendees complained that ‘due to poor food supply we have no guards in the city’. Touring his district at one o’clock in the morning he had seen ‘absolutely nobody’.

15
Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule B, vol. 2, case 260. (Available online from the Widener Library.)

16
Interviewed by the author, September 2008.
Notes to Pages 285–289

17
Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, p. 62 (23 December 1941).

18
Olga Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’, 20 May 1942.
Zvezda
, 6, 1990, p. 161.

19
See Harrison Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 479–81. The novel in question, Anatoly Darov’s
Blokada
, was published in Nikolayev in 1943. An English-language version was published in New York in 1964.

20
Aleksei Vinokurov, in Stanislav Bernev and Sergei Chernov, eds,
Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma:
blokadniye dnevniki i dokumenty
, p. 253 (14 March 1942).

21
Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, pp. 234–5.

22
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–42 gg.)’,
Neva
, 1, 1994, p. 240.

23
NKVD report to Zhdanov, 13 December 1941, in Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 56, pp. 256–7.

24
Report by the Leningrad NKVD to Beria, 24 December 1941, in ibid., doc. 60, p. 264.

25
NKVD report to Zhdanov, 12 January 1942, in Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 1, doc. 63, pp. 275–6.

26
Report to Zhdanov from Kubatkin of 2 June 1942, in ibid., doc. 75, p. 322.

27
This number is derived from Leningrad NKVD chief Kubatkin’s series of reports to Zhdanov and to Beria. A report by the prosecutor’s office (Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 195) gives a figure of 1,979.

28
Report to Beria from Kubatkin, 3 May 1942. Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 74, p. 319. See also a report by the military prosecutor A. I. Panfilenko to Kuznetsov, 21 February 1942. Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 180, p. 421.

29
NKVD report to Zhdanov, 2 May 1942. Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 73, p. 316.

30
See Andrei Dzeniskevich, ‘Banditizm (osobaya kategoriya) v blokirovannom Leningrade’,
Istoriya Peterburga
,
1, 2001, p. 50.

31
Report to Beria from Kubatkin, 24 December 1941, in Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 60, p. 264.

32
Reports to Beria from Kubatkin, 13 March, April and 2 July 1942. Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, docs 69, 70 and 76, pp. 306, 310, 325–6.

33
NKVD report to Beria and Zhdanov, 28–29 January 1942. Ibid., doc. 64, p. 282.

34
Report to Beria from Kubatkin, 23 February 1942. Ibid., doc. 67, p. 297.

35
NKVD report to Zhdanov, March 1942, ibid., doc. 68, p. 302.

36
Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
,
vol. 5, pp. 205–6.

37
Dzeniskevich, ‘Banditizm’, p. 50. Report by military prosecutor A. I. Panfilenko to Kuznetsov, 21 February 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 180, p. 422.
Notes to Pages 290–297

38
Dzeniskevich, ‘Banditizm’, pp. 50–51.

39
Reports from Kubatkin to Beria and Merkulov, 10 and 23 February 1942. Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, docs 65 and 67, pp. 286, 292.