Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (58 page)

31
Antony Beevor and Lyuba Vinogradova, eds,
A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941–1945
,
p. 9; Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 68.

32
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, pp. 13–15.

33
Interviewed by the author, St Petersburg, September 2008.

34
RGVA: Fond 32904, op. 1, delo 79, pp. 58, 86.

35
Beevor and Vinogradova, eds,
A Writer at War
, p. 41.

36
RGASPI: Fond 77, op. 4, delo 48, pp. 11–20.

37
Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder,
The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942
,
pp. 445–6, 3 July 1941.

38
Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
, p. 328; Richard Overy,
Russia’s War
, p. 81; Salisbury,
The
900 Days
, p. 105.

39
TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 1711, delo 24, pp. 24–5. Also quoted by Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad
, pp. 42–3.

40
See for example the 9th Pskov NKVD Border Detachment on 3 July 1941. RGVA: Fond 32904, op. 1, delo 79, p. 88.

41
Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin
, p. 338; Geoffrey Jukes in Harold Shukman, ed.,
Stalin’s Generals
, p. 129.

42
Shukman, ed.,
Stalin’s Generals
, pp. 313, 320. General Alan Brooke, Britain’s Chief of Imperial General Staff, sat next to Voroshilov at dinner during the Moscow Conference of August 1942. He reckoned him ‘a fine hearty old soul, willing to talk about anything with great vivacity’, but with the military expertise of a ‘child’.

43
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, pp. 112, 282, 322, 404. See also Evan Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945
, p. 450.

44
Burdick and Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder,
The Halder War Diary
, pp. 458–9, 446–7.

Chapter 3: ‘We’re winning, but the Germans are advancing’

1
Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, doc. 30, p. 161; Alexander Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
,
pp. 179, 241, 399; Leon Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 68–70.

2
Lidiya Osipova, 15 July and 13 August 1941, in Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, pp. 442–3.

3
Georgi Knyazev, in Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 261; Andrei Dzeniskevich, ‘The Social and Political Situation in Leningrad in the First Months of the German Invasion: The Psychology of the Workers’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds,
The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union
, p. 73; Igor Kruglyakov, interviewed by Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, January 2007.
Notes to Pages 52–64

4
Irina Reznikova (Flige), ‘Repressii v period blokady Leningrada’,
Vestnik ‘Memoriala’
4/5 (10/11), p. 96; Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
,
p. 71.

5
Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
,
p. 222;
Yelena Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader
, p. 21. See also Dmitri Lazarev, in
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 5, p. 195.

6
Yelena Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, p. 33 (June 1941).

7
Georgi Knyazev, 20 July 1941, in Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 256.

8
Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva,
Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade
, pp. 250–51.

9
Gatchina had officially been renamed Krasnogvardeisk, or ‘Red Guard-ville’, but the old name was more commonly used.

10
David Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944
, p. 38.

11
Olga Grechina, in Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina,
Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
, p. 107.

12
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’,
Neva
,
1, 1994, pp. 220–21.

13
Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, p. 34.

14
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
,
pp. 12–13, 21 (8 July and 12 August 1941).

15
Rimma Neratova, ‘Zhizn v Leningradskoi blokade’,
Zvezda
(1996), pp. 18–28.

16
Charles von Luttichau, quoted in Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944
,
p. 41; General Blumentritt, quoted in Basil Liddell Hart,
The Other Side of the Hill: Germany’s Generals, Their Rise and Fall
,
p. 187.

17
Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944
, pp. 44–7; Harrison Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
, pp. 189–90.

18
Yevgeniya Baikova, www.hermitagemuseum.org

19
Militsa Matye, www.hermitagemuseum.org

20
Knyazev, 7 and 15 July, in Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, pp. 244–5.

21
Skrjabina,
Siege and Survival
, pp. 8–9 (28 June 1941).

22
Ibid., p. 15 (18 July 1941).

23
Kochina,
Blockade Diary
, p. 36 (10 July 1941).

24
Vasili Churkin, in
Voyennaya literatura: dnevniki i pisma
http://militera.lib.ru/db/churkin part 1, p. 2 (15 August 1941).
Notes to Pages 65–77

25
Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944
,
p. 58; TsAMO: Fond 217, op. 1217, dela 32, 33; Nikita Lomagin,
Soldiers at War: German Propaganda and Soviet Army Morale during the Battle of Leningrad, 1941
–
44
, Carl Beck Papers, 1306, p. 11.

26
17 August 1941; RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 1.

27
RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 13.

28
Ibid., p. 20.

29
Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, p. 228.

30
People and freight numbers from Panteleyev, quoted in Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, p. 232.

31
Death-toll estimates are very approximate. The rumour at the time was of 17,000 lives lost; the official Soviet version was 5,000. A post-Soviet Russian naval historian puts it at ‘over 12,000’. See Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, p. 238, and Evan Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941
–
1945
, p. 83.

32
Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944
, p. 46.

33
On 29 September 1941 the head of the Baltic Fleet’s Political Directorate instructed his staff to inform all naval personnel that family members of sailors who surrendered to the Germans would immediately be executed as ‘traitors to the Motherland’. In January 1942 the directive was rescinded and branded as illegal; there is no record of it having been put into force (see Lomagin,
Soldiers at War
, p. 15).

Chapter 4: The People’s Levy

1
Ilya Frenklakh, www.iremember.ru, pp. 2–3.

2
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 22.

3
Interviewed by the author, St Petersburg, March 2008.

4
Report by Nikita Karpov, Partorg at the Kirov plant and member of the First Division of LANO, 30 September 1943. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 4000, op. 10, delo 1320, p. 14.

5
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 25, op. 12, svyazkha 3, 1118, ed. kr. 13. Harrison Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 220.

6
David Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad 1941
–
1944
, pp. 126–7; Richard Bidlack,
Workers at War: Factory Workers and Labor Policy in the Siege of Leningrad
, Carl Beck Papers, 902, p. 8.

7
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 25, op. 12, svyazkha 13.

8
Nikita Karpov. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 4000, op. 10, delo 1320, p. 15.

9
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, p. 9.
Notes to Pages 77–89

10
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 2, p. 35.

11
Leon Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 31; Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, p. 226.

12
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2201, op. 1, delo 23.

13
Ibid., political report of 10 July 1941.

14
Ibid., political report from the Moskovsky district LANO division, 9 July 1941.

15
Lidiya Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, p. 79.

16
See for example TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 28, p. 20.

17
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, p. 12.

18
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2201, op. 1, delo 23.

19
Andrei Dzeniskevich,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
, doc. 49, p. 131.

20
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 29, pp. 2–4.

21
Iosif Altman, workshop supervisor at the Red Chemist Factory and member of the First Division. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 4000, op. 10, delo 1305.

22
From Subbotin to the Defence Council of the Northern Front, July 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 11; Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
,
pp. 33–4.

23
Political Department meeting of 8 July 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, pp. 7–8.

24
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, p. 13.

25
Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder,
The Halder War Diary, 1939
–
1942
, p. 452 (6 July 1941).

26
Meeting of 29 July 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 46.

27
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 26, p. 2.

28
Dobrzhinsky, First Division, TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 15, pp. 10–11.

29
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 22, pp. 132–4.

30
Ibid., p. 137.

31
Political dept report of 29 August 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 202. Salisbury,
The 900 Days
, p. 191.

32
Report to Zhdanov from LANO political department head Kononchuk, mid-August 1941. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 18.

33
TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 18.

34
Dzeniskevich,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 49, pp. 132–3.

35
Gouré,
The Siege of Leningrad
, p. 35.

36
Alexander Werth,
Leningrad
, pp. 110–11.

37
TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 2011, delo 5, pp. 133–7.

38
Frenklakh, www.iremember.ru, p. 6.
Notes to Pages 89–101

39
Given in Dmitri Volkogonov, ‘Voroshilov’, in Harold Shukman, ed.,
Stalin’s Generals
, p. 318.

Chapter 5: ‘Caught in a Mousetrap’

1
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 10.

2
Dmitri Pavlov,
Leningrad 1941: The Blockade
, p. 9. This is often wrongly referred to as the ‘Enemy at the Gates’ announcement. In fact the
Leningradskaya Pravda
article headlined ‘The Enemy is at the Gates’ did not appear until 16 September.

3
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, pp. 11, 13, 15 (24 and 26 August, 1 and 8 September 1941).