Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (64 page)

27
Ilya Frenklah, www.iremember.ru

Chapter 19: The Gentle Joy of Living and Breathing

1
Alexander Werth,
Russia at War
, p. 399

2
Andrew Roberts,
Masters and Commanders: How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West
, pp. 271, 287.

3
Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, pp. 63
–
4; Geraldine Norman,
The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum
, pp. 257
–
8.

4
Adamovich and Granin,
A
Book of the Blockade
, p. 89; Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 200 (25 May 1944). Fifty-two people died from eating poisonous wild plants (Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov
, doc. 147, p. 312).

5
Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
, p. 255.

6
Vasili Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 8, p. 79 (19 May 1942).

7
Lidiya Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, p. 75.
Notes to Pages 333–343

8
Olga Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’,
Zvezda
, 6, p. 154 (3 April 1942).

9
Lisa A. Kirschenbaum,
The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments
, p. 52. See also William Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II
,
pp. 203
–
4.

10
On 7 January 1942 Vera Inber attended a lecture titled ‘The Illness of Starvation’.

11
Lev Markhasev, ‘Dva Leningradskikh radio’, in G. S. Melnik and G. V. Zhirkov, eds,
Radio, blokada, Leningrad
, St Petersburg, 2005, p. 96; Catherine Merridale,
Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–45
,
p. 165.

12
Berggolts,
Zvezda
, 6, p. 163 (31 May 1942).

13
Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 1, pp. 227
–
8. Markhasev, ‘Dva Leningradskikh Radio’, p. 97.

14
Aileen Rambov, ‘The Siege of Leningrad: Wartime Literature and Ideological Change’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds,
The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union
, pp. 163
–
4.

15
Berggolts,
Zvezda
, 6, pp. 160, 164 (13 May and 3 June 1942).

16
Elliott Mossman, ed.,
The Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, 1910–1954
, pp. 216
–
21.

17
Anna Zelenova,
Stati, vospominaniya, pisma: Pavlovsky dvorets, istoriya i sudba
, p. 115.

18
Roberta Reeder,
Anna Akhmatova: Poet and Prophet
, p. 269.

19
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, pp. 60
–
61, 70
–
71 (19 and 20 February, 10 and 12 March 1942).

20
Vasili Churkin,
Voyennaya literatura: dnevniki i pisma,
http://militera.lib.ru/db/churkin part 2, pp. 9
–
10 (27 May and 28 June 1942).

21
Reeder,
Anna Akhmatova
, p. 277.

22
Vladimir Garshin, ‘Tam gde smert pomogayet zhizni’,
Arkhiv Patologii
, vol. 46, no. 5, 1984, pp. 83
–
8. (This short memoir was originally written in 1944.)

23
OSBP and Burial Trust reports of 14 April 1942 and 5 April 1943,  in Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, docs 141 and 153, pp. 299, 337
–
8.

24
Reports to Zhdanov from Antyufeyev, head of the ‘instructors’ department of the City Party Committee, of 17 January, 28 March and 1 April 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v, delo 5760.

25
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, pp. 73
–
4 (28 March 1942).

26
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941
–
1942 gg.)’,
Neva
, 1, 1994, p. 269.

27
Aleksandr Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
, pp. 76–9, 84 (26–31 March and 4 April 1942).
Notes to Pages 344–352

28
Norman,
The Hermitage
, p. 256.

29
Letter to Zhdanov from Lieut Gen. Kabanov, 11 May 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 144, p. 307. See also the city health department’s report to Kosygin and Popkov, of 31 March 1942, ibid., doc. 139, p. 296.

30
RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1150; protocol 57, p. 54; Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 5, pp. 211–12.

31
William Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II
, p. 202; Richard Bidlack,
Workers at War: Factory Workers and Labor Policy in the Siege of Leningrad
,
Carl Beck Papers, 902, p. 28.

32
RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1138; protocol 45, pp. 13, 44; protocol 47, p. 162. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1139; protocol 48, p. 32. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 43, delo 1140; protocol 50, pp. 1, 3, 90.

33
NKVD report to the Leningrad oblast Party Committee, Borovichi, 19 December 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 20, delo 52.

34
NKVD reports of 5 August, 5 September and 6 October 1942, Nikita Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
,
vol. 2, docs 78, 79, 80, pp. 328–39.

35
Vasili Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’,
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii
Sankt-Peterburga
, vol. 8, pp. 87, 97–8, 102 (29 June, 26 August and 21 September 1942).

36
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, pp. 110–11 (16 September 1942).

37
Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 2: skazka o gorokhovom dereve (1942–1944 gg.)’,
Neva
, 2, 1994, p. 212. See also Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, pp. 213–14, 216, and Adamovich and Granin,
A Book of the Blockade
, pp. 111–12.

38
Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva,
Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade
, pp. 280, 295 (17 April and 24 September 1942).

39
Dmitri Likhachev,
Reflections on the Russian Soul
, pp. 256–7.

40
City statistics department, 5 October 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
,
doc. 148, p. 313; Bidlack,
Workers at War
, p. 27.

41
Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 101 (7 August 1942).

42
Mossman, ed.,
The
Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg,
1910–1954
, pp. 222, 225.

43
Dzeniskevich, ed.,
Leningrad v osade
, doc. 67, pp. 160–61.

44
Pavel Gubchevsky, in Norman,
The Hermitage
, p. 257.

45
Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, pp. 94–5 (10 August 1942).

46
Lidiya Ginzburg,
Blockade Diary
, pp. 37, 105. NKVD reports to Beria and Zhdanov, in Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya blokada
, vol. 2, docs 80 and 86, pp. 336, 353.
Notes to Pages 352–360

47
Ostroumova-Lebedeva,
Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski
, p. 286 (24 and 30 May 1942).

48
Olga Berggolts, ‘Dnevnye zvezdy’,
Ogonyok
, 19, 5 May 1990, p. 16.

49
See for example Aleksandr Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
, p. 191, 28 October 1942. See also Aleksei Vinokurov, in
Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma:
blokadniye dnevniki i dokumenty
, p. 266 (17 June 1942).

50
Olga Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’,
Zvezda
, 6, 1990, p. 166 (2 July 1942).

51
Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, p. 218 (December 1942); Vasilisa Malysheva, 23 July–7 August 1942; RGALI: Fond 2733, op. 1, yed. khr. 872, p. 160.

52
Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, pp. 215–16. Similar rhymes of the time are given in O. E. Molkina, ‘Nemtsy v koltsye blokady’,
Istoriya Peterburga
, 3, pp. 62–4.

53
Boldyrev,
Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik
,
pp. 148, 164–5 (28 August and 22 September 1942). The NKVD put it another way. Factory managers should stop sending their weakest, least skilled employees to cut logs, a report to Zhdanov of 9 January 1942 complained, because they failed to fulfil their norms and ‘sat idly about’ (TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v). For another description of conscription to a peatworks see Valentina Bushueva, in Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
, pp. 136–7.

Chapter 20: The Leningrad Symphony

1
BBC Written Archives Centre: E1/1270 Countries: Russia – Material for Use in Programmes, file 1, 1941–43.

2
Aleksandr Rubashkin,
Golos Leningrada: Leningradskoye Radio v dni blokady
, p. 173.

3
BBC Written Archives Centre: E1/1281 Countries: Russia; Russian Service (Policy) file 1, 1939–44.

4
Dmitri Shostakovich,
Story of a Friendship: The Letters of Dmitry Shostakovich to Isaak Glikman, 1941–1975
, p. xxxiv.

5
Solomon Volkov,
St Petersburg: A Cultural History
, p. 429.

6
Ibid., p. 433.

7
Olga Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’,
Zvezda
, 6, 1990, p. 153 (29 March 1942).

8
Alexander Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
, p. 272.

9
BBC Written Archives Centre: R46/297: Leningrad Symphony 1942–44.

10
Solomon Volkov, ed.,
Testimony: The Memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich
, pp. 17
,
104–6.
Notes to Pages 360–368

11
Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’,
Zvezda
, 4, April 1991, p. 140 (7 February 1942).

12
Kseniya Matus, in Simmons and Perlina, eds,
Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose
,
p. 149. See also Rubashkin,
Golos Leningrada
, pp. 163–73.

13
Harlow Robinson, ‘Composing for Victory’, in Richard Stites, ed.,
Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia
, p. 71; Volkov,
St Petersburg
, p. 442.

14
Vera Inber,
Leningrad Diary
, p. 102 (9 August 1942).

15
Volkov, ed.,
Testimony
, p. 118.

16
Nadezhda Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the Scale of Famine and Death in the Besieged City’, in John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich, eds,
Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad 1941–44
, p. 36.

17
Stanislav Kotov,
Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada
, p. 20.

18
Galina Vishnevskaya,
Galina: A Russian Story
,
New York, 1984, pp. 30–35. Vishnevskaya went on to become one of Russia’s greatest lyric sopranos. She and her husband, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, defected to the West in the late 1960s, having courted official disfavour by befriending Solzhenitsyn. Their collection of Russian art, purchased by a Russian steel magnate in 2007, is currently on public display in St Petersburg.

19
Kotov,
Detskiye doma
blokadnogo Leningrada
, p. 86.