KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (191 page)

Uckermark

Ukraine

Ukrainian guards

Ukrainian prisoners;
see also
Soviet POWs; Soviet prisoners

underground camps; tunnel system

unemployment; “work-shy”

uniforms; colored triangle system; Death’s Head SS; of Kapos; mass production of;
numbers; of prisoners; of SS; striped; of women

United Nations

United States; bombing raids on Germany; Jewish emigration to; liberation of camps; press; relief effort after liberation; views on KL system; World War II

Upper Silesia

urine; drinking

Vaisman, Sima

Vaivara; evacuation of

Valentin

van Dam, Richard

van Dijk, Albert

Varta

Verschuer, Otmar Freiherr von

Vetter, Hellmuth

victim swaps

Vidui

Vienna

Vierke, Wilhelm

Volf, Jiri

V
ö
lkischer Beobachter

Volkswagen

Voluntary Labor Service

VoMi (Ethnic German Liaison Office)

von Epp, Governor

von Kahr, Gustav Ritter

von Krosigk, Count Schwerin

vouchers

Vrba, Rudolf

V2 rockets

W
ä
ckerle, Hilmar

Waffen SS

Wagner, Adolf

Wagner, Jens-Christian

Wajcblum, Estusia

Wannsee conference (1942)

Warsaw; camp; ghetto;
Uprising of 1944

Wasserman, Chaykele

Wassiljew, Nikolaj

Wassing, Siegmund

watches

water; “bathing actions”; high-pressure hoses; human experiments; shortages;
see also
thirst

Wedding

Wehrmacht,
see
German army

Weimar Republic; demise of; post–World War I

Weiseborn, Jakob

Weiss, Martin

Weissler, Friedrich

Weiss-R
ü
thel, Arnold

Weiter, Eduard

Weltb
ü
hne

Wessel, Horst

Westerbork

Wetzler,
Alfred

whippings,
see
flogging

Wiener, Graben

Wiesel, Elie

Wiesel, Shlomo

Wiesenthal, Simon

Wilhelm Gustloff company

Wilmersdorf

Wilna

Windeck, Jupp

Winter, Walter

winter conditions

Wirth, Christian

Wirths, Eduard

Wisner, Heinz

Wittig, Alfred

W
ö
bbelin

Woffleben

Wolfgangsee

Wolfsberg

Wolfsburg

Wolfsburg-Laagberg

Wolken, Otto

Wollheim, Norbert

women; in Auschwitz-Birkenau;
body search; camps for; Communist; deaths; desexualization of; in early camps; in “euthanasia” program; evacuations; execution of; extermination policy and; forced labor; as forced sex workers; guards; Jewish; Kapos; menstruation; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; Polish; pregnant; prisoners; prison relations; prostitutes; “race defilers”; rape; in R
ö
hm purge; in
satellite camps; SS wives; sterilization of; survival rates; torture of; uniforms

wooden clogs

workhouses

“Work Makes Free” slogan

“work-shy”;
see also
“asocials”

World Jewish Congress

World War I; chemical warfare; German defeat and aftermath; impact of German defeat on Nazism; myth of German fraternity in; POW camps; propaganda; veterans

World War II; advance of Red Army; Allied bombing;
beginning of; D-day; German defeat; of 1939–41; Operation Barbarossa; turns against Germany

Wotzdorf

Wunderlich, Rudolf

Wuppertal

W
ü
rttemberg

W
ü
rzburg

WVHA (SS Business and Administration Main Office); absorption of concentration camps into; collapse of; inner workings of; of 1944; of 1945; Office Group D; Pohl and; postwar trials; reducing death rates; satellite camps; theft and corruption

yellow star of David

Yeo-Thomas, Edward

Yiddish

youth; Guard Troops; Hitler Youth; Nazi obsession with; Soviet forced labor

Zablocie

Zacharski, Adam

zebra uniform

Zehlendorf

Zeidler, Paul

Zeiler, Robert

Zelikovitz, Magda

Ziereis, Franz

Zilina

Zill, Egon

Zimetbaum, Mala

Zionists

Zugspitze

Zweig, Stefan Jerzy

Zyklon B

An SA guard threatens recently arrested political prisoners in the early camp on Friedrichstrasse in Berlin on March 6, 1933, a day after the national elections.
(akg-images, courtesy of ullstein bild)

Among the many improvised camps set up for political opponents in 1933 was this old tugboat on the Ochtum River near Bremen.
(Staatsarchiv Bremen)

A caricature about concentration camps in the German satirical magazine
Kladderadatsch
from April 30, 1933: left-wingers perform hard labor using symbols of the Communists (hammer and sickle) and of pro-democratic paramilitaries (three arrows), while another prisoner contemplates the Soviet red star.
(bpk/
Kladderadatsch
)

Photograph from the front page of the Nazi daily
Völkischer Beobachter
from August 10, 1933, recording the arrival in the Oranienburg camp of prominent political prisoners, including (suited, from left) the Social Democrats Ernst Heilmann and Friedrich Ebert
(akg-images)

Propaganda image of “productive” labor in the Dachau camp, May 1933. The heavy road roller was pulled mainly by Jews and well-known left-wingers.
(Bundesarchiv, picture 152-01-24)

Autopsy photograph from the Munich state prosecutor’s files on the suspicious death of the Jewish prisoner Louis Schloss in Dachau on May 16, 1933, which triggered legal proceedings against the camp’s commandant
(Staatsarchiv Munich)

The overbearing inspector of concentration camps, Theodor Eicke (center, with cigar), during a trip to the Lichtenburg camp in March 1936
(United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [USHMM], courtesy of Instytut Pamięci Narodowej)