KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (187 page)

Brandenburg; closing of

Brandt, Gerhard

Brandt, Karl

Braun, Wernher von

Braunschweig

Bredow

Breitscheid, Rudolf

Bremen

Breslau

brick production

Bringmann,
Fritz

Brinkmann, Otto

British Legion

British POWs

Broad, Pery

Brodniewicz, Bruno

Broh, James

Broszat, Martin

brothels, camp

Br
ü
ck, August

Br
ü
ggen, Johann

Br
ü
nnlitz

Buber-Neumann, Margarete

Buchenwald; Allied bombing of; Allied films of; arms production; barracks; brothel; conditions; corruption investigation; crematorium; deaths; disease; evacuation of; executions; expansion; forced
labor; Goethe’s oak tree; guards; Gypsies in; human experiments; Jews; Kallweit murder and aftermath; Kapos; liberation of; “little camp”; memorial;
Muselm
ä
nner
mass murders; of 1944; of 1945; “November Jews”; opening of; prisoner relations; resistance; satellite camps; social outsiders in; as Soviet internment camp; T-4 selections; torture

Budapest

Budzy
ń

Buenos Aires

Buergenthal, Thomas

Bugdalle, Richard

B
ü
ge, Emil

Building Brigades, SS

bunker (lockup)

B
ü
rckel, Josef

Burckhardt, Carl J.

Burger, Adolf

Burger, Wilhelm

burial alive

Busse, Ernst

Buton, Albert Abraham

cabaret

camp compound leader; 1942 restructure of

camp elder

Camp SS; anti-Semitism; Commandant Staff; Death’s Head; “decent” punishment and; denials of personal responsibility; execution policy; forced
labor; foreigners in; gender relations; hierarchies; incriminating evidence destroyed; infighting; internal investigation of; looting and corruption; mass executions of invalid prisoners; military ambitions; nepotism; 1942 restructure of; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; as “political soldiers”; postwar investigations and trials; prisoner resistance to; professionals; response to escapes; routines; satellite
camps; Soviet POWs killed by; test of ruthlessness; torture methods; veterans; violence; wartime; youth;
see also specific camps
; SS

Canada

Canada Commando

cannibalism

Cap Arcona

Caplan, Jane

carbon monoxide

caricatures

Carl Walther company

C
ä
sar, Joachim

castor oil, force-feeding of

castration

Catholic Church

CBS

Celle

Cheka

Chelmno

chemical industry; Auschwitz collaboration;
see also
IG Farben

Chemnitz, Arno

Chicago Daily Tribune

children; in Auschwitz; barracks; evacuations; experiments on; family camp; forced labor; games; German reactions to prisoners; Gypsy camp; Jews; newborns; orphans; selections; of SS; survivors; torture

Chmielewski, Karl

Choinowski, Moritz

Chopfenberg, Chana

Christmas; amnesty

cigarettes

civilian workers, encounters with prisoners

civil liberties, suspension of

Claims Conference

Clauberg, Carl

clergymen; as prisoners

clothing; Kapos; looting of prisoners; shortages of; SS; winter and; women’s;
see also
uniforms

cocaine experiments

coded SS transmissions

Cohen, Elie

Cohen, Leon

Colditz

Cold War; end of

colonialism; concentration camps

Columbia House

Commandant Staff; departments; of 1934–39 camps; 1942 restructure
of; of 1944 camps; social life of; wartime

commemoration; memorials

commissars, Soviet

Communist Brown Book

Communists; conflicts with Social Democrats; Kapos; 1933 terror against; postwar; prisoners; underground leadership

comradeship; criminal “greens”; Jewish; prisoner; SS

concentration camp (term)

concentration camps,
see
KL system;
specific camps

Confessing Church

Continental rubber
works

corpse removal

corruption, SS; black market; investigation of; looting of prisoners’ possessions

counterfeiting commando

“counterterrorism”

courts; Allied war crime trials; execution policy and; Habitual Criminals Law; KL system and; of 1942–43; of 1950s–70s; postwar trials; racial policies

crematoria; Auschwitz-Birkenau; Dachau; evidence smuggled out of camps; German public awareness
of; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; Sachsenhausen; Special Squad; T-4 program;
see also specific camps

criminal police

criminals; early attacks on; German fear of; “greens”; Jews; as Kapos; 1937 raids against; “professional”; in quarry camps

Croatia

Croatian Jews

cross, prisoners marked with

Cyrankiewicz, J
ó
zef

Czech Jews

Czechoslovakia; German invasion of

Czech prisoners

Dachau; arms production; atrocity rumors; barracks; brothel; camp regulations; conditions; crematorium; deaths; escapes; evacuation; expansion; final hours of; forced labor; Freiland II; gas chamber; guards; Himmler and; human experiments; influence on Auschwitz; invalid prisoners; Jews; Kapos; liberation of; Loritz as commandant of; memorial; militarization of; as model camp;
Muselm
ä
nner
; in 1933;
1933 judicial investigation of; in 1934–39; in 1939–41; in 1944; in 1945; prisoner relations; propaganda; releases from; resistance in; R
ö
hm purge and; satellite camps; school; social outsiders in; Soviet POW executions in; spectators at; survivors; testimonies; T-4 program; torture; trials

Daluege, Kurt

D’Angelo, Karl

Danish Red Cross

Dante,
Divine Comedy

Danzig

DAW (German Equipment Works)

Day of Labor

Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism

Day of the German Police

D-day

Death Mills
(film)

deaths; atrocity rumors; certificates; corpse removal; in early camps; of escaped inmates; “euthanasia” program; execution policy; forced labor; friendly fire; gender and; Holocaust; human experiments; marches of 1945; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; 1941 transition
to mass extermination; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; 1945 camps and transports; reducing rates of; R
ö
hm purge; Sachsenhausen “death squad”; of Soviet POWs;
see also
crematoria; executions; extermination policy; gas chambers; mass extermination;
specific camps and methods
; torture

Death’s Head SS; recruitment and training;

“decent” punishment

Decree Against Malicious Attacks

Deen, Helga

de Gaulle, Charles

Delaunois,
É
mile

Delbo, Charlotte

Delmotte, Hans

Demjanjuk, Ivan

Denmark

deportations; of 1942–43; of 1944;
see also
transports

“Desert” project

DESt (German Earth and Stone Works); arms production

Deubel, Heinrich

Devoto, Andrea

Dickmann, August

Dietrich, Otto

Ding, Erwin

Dirlewanger, Oskar

Dirlewanger Formation

disease; caught from inmates; human experiments
with; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945;
see also
doctors; illness; infirmaries; invalid prisoners;
specific diseases

displaced persons (DP) camps

disinfections

doctors; Auschwitz; daily lives of; diseases caught from inmates; “euthanasia” program; human experiments; postwar trials of; prisoner; SS; sterilization program; T-4 program;
see also
infirmaries

dogs, guard

Dollfuss, Engelbert

D
ö
nitz, Karl

Dora

D
ö
rnhau

Dragon, Abraham

Dragon, Shlomo

Drancy

Dresden

Dressel, Fritz

D
ü
sseldorf

Dutch Jews

DVA (German Experimental Institution for Nutrition and Provision)

Dwory

dysentery

Dziedziecka, Helena

early camps; atrocity rumors; Bavarian; Berlin; “bigwigs” in; conditions; coordination; Dachau; death in; decline of; Emsland; food; forced labor; foreign opinion on; guards;
Himmler model; Jews in; large state camps; mass detention; militarization of; press on; prisoner reports about; procession of prisoners to; propaganda; protective custody; Prussian model; public awareness of; relatives’ visits to; releases from; roots of; rumors about; spectators at; staged visits to; terminology; terror of 1933; torture; turnover;
see also specific camps

Eastern Front

Eastern
Land

Ebensee; liberation

Ebert, Friedrich

economically pointless labor

economy; advantages of camps to local Germans; arms production; black market; DESt projects; forced labor; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; post–World War I; slave labor; SS; Weimar

education, camps as

Education Platoon

Ehrsam, Ludwig

Eichmann, Adolf; death of; Holocaust and

Eicke, Bertha

Eicke, Theodor;
background of; Camp SS and; death of; as commandant of Dachau; Himmler and; as inspector of camp system; Kapo system; leadership style; legacy of; organizational restructure of camp system; Pohl and; in Poland; R
ö
hm purge; Soviet POW executions and

Eiden, Hans

Eintrachth
ü
tte

Eisenhower, Dwight

Elgas, Karl

elite prisoners;
see also
Kapos

Ellrich

Elser, Georg

emigration; Jewish; postwar

Emsland; conditions; Jews in

Engel, Fritz-Karl

Epstein, Berthold

Epstein-Kozlowski, Nechamah

Erdmann, Lothar

Ereda

Erlenbusch

escapes; “Bullet” prisoners; Dachau; failure and consequences; final transports and; methods; of SS; staged

Essen

Esterwegen; SS takeover of

Estonia

ethnic Germans

Ettersberg

eugenics; “asocials” and; sterilizations

“euthanasia” program; Action 14f13; crematoria;
gas chambers; of 1941–42; selections for; shift to Holocaust; T-4 program

evacuations; of Auschwitz; Baltic; death marches; of 1944; of 1945; transports

“exchange Jews”

excrement; diarrhea; “shit commando”; used as fertilizer; used in torture

executions; of Bargatzky; Camp SS killers; collective; death squad; of escaped inmates; “euthanasia” program; first official execution of camp inmate;
of Heinen; human experiments; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; of Jews; mass; mass shootings; mock; Nazi policy of; neck-shooting mechanism; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; R
ö
hm purge; of Soviet POWs; women and;
see also
deaths;
specific methods

extermination policy; development of “Final Solution”; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945;
see also
deaths; executions; mass extermination;
specific
camps and policies

eyeglasses

Fascism

family camp (Birkenau)

Farge

Faust, Director

Faust, Max

Federal Republic of Germany

Federn, Ernst

Fejer, Eva

Ferri, Luigi

Fighter Staff

films; camp; on KL atrocities; Nazi propaganda

“Final Solution”; development of; foreign opinion on; genesis of; German public awareness of; legacy of; of 1945; terminology;
see also
Holocaust

fingerprinting

flags

Flanders

Flensburg

flogging

Florstedt, Hermann

Flossenb
ü
rg; arms production; in 1945; prisoner relations; resistance; Soviet POWs executed in; T-4 selections

flowers

food; black market; cut rations; early camps; German crisis; hunger; Kapos; kosher; liberation and; in 1934–39 camps; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; packages; prisoner relations and; Red Cross; SS; theft; vouchers

forced labor; arms production; Auschwitz; brick production; brothels; camp growth; children; civilian workers and; early camps; eastern European camps; economically pointless; economy; foreign; General Plan East; IG Farben; illness and deaths; Jews; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; public awareness of; punishment and; quarry camps; reducing labor
rates; reward system; satellite camps; shortages; slaves; Soviet POWs in; Soviet youths; SS Building Brigades; underground; women;
see also
slave labor;
specific camps

foreign opinion; Allies and the camps; compassion fatigue; on early camps; on Holocaust; on KL system; resistance

foreign prisoners; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; NN;
see also specific nationalities

Forster, Peter

fountain
pens

Fraenkel, Ernst

Fraenkel, Siegbert

France; Allied landings in; declares war on Germany; Nazi occupation of; resistance

Franco, Francisco

Frank, Anne

Frank, Hans

Frank, Margot

Frankfurt

Franz, Wilhelm

Freemasons

freezing water experiments

Freikorps

French Jews

French prisoners

Frick, Wilhelm

Friedlander, Henry

Friedl
ä
nder, Saul

Friemel, Rudolf

friendly fire

Frister, Roman

Fritzsch, Karl

Frohnecke, Bruno