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Acknowledgments

I want to thank everyone who has helped, over the last ten years, to make this book possible.

The following institutions provided essential backing during different periods of research and writing: the Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC), the British Academy, the Leverhulme Trust, and the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation. I am profoundly grateful for their grants and
fellowships, and to the colleagues who supported my applications: Richard Bessel, Jane Caplan, Sir Richard Evans, Norbert Frei, Mary Fulbrook, Neil Gregor, Sir Ian Kershaw, Jeremy Noakes, and Richard Overy.

Equally indispensable was the help of the staff in memorials, libraries, and archives. I owe a very big word of thanks to Albert Knoll and Dirk Riedel (Dachau), Andreas Kranebitter (Vienna/Mauthausen),
Johannes Ibel (Flossenb
ü
rg), Monika Liebscher (Sachsenhausen), Wojciech P
ł
osa (O
ś
wi
ę
cim), and Sabine Stein (Buchenwald), who all went well beyond the call of duty, and answered my frequent questions and requests with unfailing patience and unrivaled knowledge. In addition, I want to acknowledge the special assistance I received from Maren Ballerstedt (Stadtarchiv Magdeburg); Na’ama Shik, Daniel
Uziel, and the late David Bankier (Yad Vashem); Robert Bierschneider (StAM
ü
); Danuta Drywa (Sztutowo); Andreas Eichm
ü
ller, Edith Raim, and J
ü
rgen Zarusky (IfZ); Christine Schmidt (WL); Gunter Friedrich (StAN
ü
); Karoline Georg and Johannes Tuchel (Gedenkst
ä
tte Deutscher Widerstand); Sabine Gresens (BArchB); Gabriele Hammermann and Julia Rosche (Dachau); Regine Heubaum and Jens-Christian Wagner
(Dora); Cordula Hundertmark (Ravensbr
ü
ck); Annette Kraus and J
ö
rg Skriebeleit (Flossenb
ü
rg); Astrid Ley and G
ü
nter Morsch (Sachsenhausen); Reimer M
ö
ller (Neuengamme); Margret Schmidt and Susanne Urban (ITS, Bad Arolsen); Jan Erik Schulte (Wewelsburg); Agnieszka Sieradzka (O
ś
wi
ę
cim); and Bianca Welzing-Br
ä
utigam (LaB).

My huge debt to fellow historians is evident from the bibliography. Many other
experts were kind enough to share additional documents and ideas, and the book has benefited greatly from their input. I want to thank Carina Baganz, Antony Beevor, Ruth Bettina Birn, Marc Buggeln, Gabriel Finder, Klaus Gagst
ä
dter, Gideon Greif, Wolf Gruner, Susanne Heim, Sarah Helm, Ulrich Herbert, Ben Hett, J
ö
rg Hillmann, Stefan H
ö
rdler, Franziska Jahn, Tomaz Jardim, Padraic Kenney, Angelika K
ö
nigseder, Tamar Lewinsky, Andreas Mix, Pieter Romijn, Andreas Sander, Stefanie Sch
ü
ler-Springorum, Patrik Schwarz, Rolf Seubert, Dan Stone, Friedrich Veitl, Robert Jan van Pelt, Rita von Borck, Irene von G
ö
tz, Peter Warneke, Paul Weindling, Michael Wildt, and Ren
é
Wolf. I also want to acknowledge the support of my colleagues and friends at Birkbeck, including John Arnold, Catharine Edwards, David
Feldman, Matt Innes, Jessica Reinisch, Jan R
ü
ger, Julian Swann, and Frank Trentmann; above all, I must thank Christian Goeschel, who tracked down key documents on the prewar camps as an AHRC postdoctoral fellow.

I have been most fortunate to receive expert research assistance from four of my doctoral students, who have all gone on to write outstanding studies of Nazi terror: Chris Dillon, Julia
H
ö
rath, Paul Moore, and Kim W
ü
nschmann. Kim also helped with some translations, as did Jeff Porter, Katharina Friedla, and Shaun Morcom. And I want to thank David Dunning, Amelia Nell, and Ina Sondermann for their administrative help.

I am greatly indebted to those colleagues and friends who generously took the time to read the manuscript and make suggestions for changes and corrections. For
their notes on individual sections, I want to express my sincere thanks to Marc Buggeln, Wolfgang Burgmair, Christoph Dieckmann, Julia H
ö
rath, Tomaz Jardim, Michael Metzger, Elissa Mail
ä
nder Koslov, Anna H
á
jkov
á
, Dieter Pohl, Jessica Reinisch, Dirk Riedel, Jan R
ü
ger, Ulf Schmidt, Robert Jan van Pelt, Jens-Christian Wagner, and Matthias Weber. And I am immensely grateful to Jane Caplan, Chris Dillon,
Paul Moore, Michael Wachsmann, and Kim W
ü
nschmann, who commented on the entire text. The book would be much poorer without their sound advice.

It has been a real privilege to work with Eric Chinski, my editor at FSG, who was extremely encouraging every step of the way and made countless crucial improvements to the manuscript. I also want to acknowledge the exceptional support by Andrew Wylie
and James Pullen at the Wylie Agency, who believed in the book from the start. The lengthy passage of the text from my computer to the printers was eased by the extremely efficient work and good cheer of Scott Auerbach, Gabriella Doob, Frieda Duggan, Peng Shepherd, and everyone else at FSG. Jeff Ward did a first-rate job with the maps, and Pon Ruiter and his team suggested several important last-minute
corrections.

Closest to home, Basti, Christa, Michael, and Gabi helped in every way they could, Gerald did me a big favor with the photos, and Mike was an invaluable counselor and friend, as always. Tracey accompanied me once again during a long research project about a grim subject—from the first germ of the idea to the end—and gave me all the support and love to see it through. And Josh reminded
me, every day during writing, that there was a much better world out there, away from my desk. I am so very grateful to them all.

Index

The index that appears in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

abortion

Abraham, Max

Action “Bullet”

Action 14f13; demise of; extension of

Action 14f14

Action “Harvest Festival”

Adenauer, Konrad

Adler, H. G.

AELs (Work Education Camps)

AFA

Africa; colonialism; South African War

agriculture

Ahnenerbe

aircraft industry

air pressure experiments

alcohol; SS drunkenness

Alderney

Allach

Allan, Alexander Smith

Allied war crimes trials

Alsace

Am
é
ry, Jean

amnesty; of 1934; of 1939; for SS criminals

anarchists

Annaberg

Anschluss,
see
Austria, annexation

Antelme,
Robert

antiaircraft guns

Anti-Brown Book

anticlericalism

anti-Semitism; in early camps; German public awareness of; Kapos; Kristallnacht; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; postwar; of prisoners

Arbeitsdorf

architecture; granite and brick production for; Hitler’s building plans; memorials; of 1939–41; OT projects

Arendt, Hannah

Argentina

Armaments Staff

arms production; collapse of; Fighter Staff; industry and; of 1944; of 1945; in satellite camps; slave labor; underground

art; on KL system

“Aryan” heritage

Aschersleben

Aseri

“asocials”; early attacks on; Jews; 1938 raids against; propaganda on; in quarry camps and brick works; sterilization of; terminology; “work-shy”

atheist prisoners

atrocity rumors

Aumeier, Hans

Auschwitz; Allied
bombing raids considered on; arms production; arrival in; barracks; brothel; bunker; chemical plant; children in; complex; conditions; corruption investigation; crematoria; daily life in; deaths; demystification of; demise of; development of “Final Solution”; evacuation of; evidence smuggled out of; extermination policy; family camps; forced labor; foreign opinion on; gas chambers; gender in; guards;
Gypsy camp; Himmler’s 1941 visit to; Himmler’s 1942 visit to; H
ö
ss as commandant of; human experiments; invention of gas chamber; Jews in; liberation of; looting and corruption; memorials; men in; as a metropolis; multiple uses of;
Muselm
ä
nner
; in 1939–41; in 1942–43; in 1944; in 1945; origins of; Poles in; popular conception of; prisoner relations; as prototype of death factory; as regional killing
center; resistance; selections; sex in; Soviet POWs in; Special Squad; SS family life in; SS routines; survivors; as symbol of Holocaust; tattoos; testimonies; T-4 selections; torture; transformation into major death camp; transports to; trials; uprising; women in;
see also
Birkenau; Monowitz

Australia

Austria; annexation of; memorials; Nazi past; postwar trials

Austrian Jews

Austrian prisoners

authoritarianism

Avram, Janka

Awronska, Rywka

Babitsch, Ignat

badges,
see
insignia

Bad Sulza

Bad Wiessee

Baer, Richard

Bala, Alice

Balitzki, Chaim

Balk, Theodor

Baltic camps; evacuation of;
see also
satellite camps;
specific camps

Baranowski, Hermann

barbed wire

Bargatsky, Emil

barracks; Auschwitz; Bergen-Belsen; Birkenau; Buchenwald; for children; Dachau; daily life in; disease
and; early camps; Emsland; functional design; Gypsy camp; Jew Companies; for Jews; Kapos; Majdanek; military routines; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1942–43 camps; 1944 camps; 1945 camps; overcrowding; quarry camps; Sachsenhausen; satellite camps; women’s; wooden bunks;
see also specific camps

B
á
rta, Drahom
í
r

Bartel, Walter

batteries

Bavaria; early camps; 1919 civil war; 1934–39 camps in;
quarry camps; “Red Guards”; social outsiders;
see also specific camps

Bayer

BBC

Becher, Kurt

Behncke, Hugo

Beimler, Centa

Beimler, Hans

Belgian Jews

Belgian prisoners

Belgium

Belorussia

Belzec

Benario, Rudolf

Bendix, Ludwig

Bergen-Belsen; conditions; “exchange Jews”; Jews in; liberation of; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945

Berlin; architecture; early camps; Hitler’s bunker in; 1934–39
camps; Olympics; Reichstag fire of 1933; terror of 1933

Berlin-Columbia,
see
Columbia House

Berlstedt

Bernadotte, Count Folke

Bernburg

Bettelheim, Bruno

Biberstein, Aleksandar

Bickenbach, Otto

“bigwigs”; in early camps

Birkenau; barracks; building of; bunker 1; bunker 2; conditions; corpse removal; crematoria; daily life in; evacuation of; family camp; Gypsy camp; Jews in; killing complex;
liberation of; “Mexico”; in 1942–43; in 1944; prisoner relations; selections; Special Squad; SS routines; uprising; women in;
see also
Auschwitz

Bischoff, Karl

Bisingen

Bismarckh
ü
tte

black market

black triangle;
see also
“asocials”

Blechhammer

blitzkrieg

Blobel, Paul

block elders

block leaders

“blood and soil” doctrine

Blum, Willy

BMW

Bobrek

Boca, Jacques

Bock, Fritz

Boder, David

body searches

Boelcke barracks

Boger, Wilhelm

Bohemia

Bolsheviks

Bonarewitz, Hans

bone fertilizer

bone fragments

“bone men”

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich

Bonitz, Bernhard

B
ö
rgermoor

Borowski, Tadeusz

Bouhler, Philipp

Brack, Viktor