Joy, Guilt, Anger, Love (53 page)

precuneus, 164

prefrontal cortex (PFC),
17

and emotional knowledge, 22

and facial expressions, 223

and fictional vs. real characters, 165

and Freud’s structural theory of the mind, 71,
72

function of, 17–18, 23–25

and guilt, 54, 57

injuries to, 259n16, 259n18

and limbic system, 164

and reward system of the brain,
190–191, 193

and violent tendencies, 36

workout for, 37–38

primordial emotional mechanisms, 10

prolonged grief disorder (PGD),
125, 142

Provine, Robert, 117–118, 184–185, 187

psychoanalysis, 103, 182

purity, 47, 49–50

rationality, 13–15, 18, 23

rats and mice

and parental care, 234, 235–236

research on, 10

reward system of, 189

tickling, 186

vocalizations of, 185

reality, perceptions of, 164–166

regret, 11, 47–49

Rejlander, Oscar, 9

relationships, 209–211, 213, 217

relevancy, 165–166

religion and guilt, 49

Republic
(Plato), 13

restraint, 24–25

reward system of the brain, 188–192, 196

Ribot, Théodule, 278n27

Rilke, Rainer Maria, 110

Romeo and Juliet
(Shakespeare), 221, 229–230

Rose, Steven, 40

sadness

Darwin on, 114

guilt compared to, 57

physical expressions of, 114

as stage of grief, 113

and tears, 116–119

See also
grief

science, 3, 249–252

Scott, Sophie, 185–187

Seligman, Martin, 286n57

Seneca, 38–39

sensuality, 212

separation

and asymmetry of the brain, 202

pain resulting from, 120, 121, 123–124

and parental care, 233

September 11th terrorist attacks, 82

serotonin, 132–136,
133

and anger/aggression, 27

and anxiety, 98

and grief, 132–136

and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), 26

and online dating service, 240, 241, 243

and serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 135–136

sex

brain regions related to, 196–197

opioids released during, 195

sexual anticipation, 190

and unity of body and mind, 227

Shakespeare, William, 112, 146, 168, 221, 229

shame

guilt compared to, 47–49, 56–57

and morality, 48, 263n7

as negative emotion, 11

Shaw, George Bernard, 155, 156, 221

shooting incidents, 34–35

sight and visual system, 221–225, 239

skin conductance response (SCR), 22

smiling

in childhood, 206–207

Duchenne smile, 183–184, 202,
206–207

as expression of joy, 183–184

social anxiety disorder, 88

social exclusion, 121

social welfare programs, 36

Socrates, 2, 3

Solms, Mark, 266n35

somatic marker hypothesis, 22

speed, 194

Stanislavsky, Constantine, 156–160, 161, 162, 278n27, 279n42

Stendhal, 226, 245

stimulants, 193–194

superego (Freudian concept), 15, 71–72,
72
, 196

suspension of disbelief, 166–172, 279n50

talk therapies, 103–104

tears and crying, 116–119, 271n10

temptation, 260n21

testosterone, 240, 241, 243

thalamus,
17

and anxiety,
91
, 92

and fear,
97

as limbic-system component, 16

and love, 222

theatre performances

actor-audience relationship in, 153, 154–155, 168–170

alienation in, 169

brain activity while engaged in,
172–177

Darwin on, 147–148

empathy in, 146–147, 157–160,
168–169, 276n9

eye-to-eye contact in, 171–172

and fictional vs. real characters,
164–166, 171

illusion’s role in, 172

and mirror-neuron system, 153

and the paradox of acting, 160–163

sensibility vs. intelligence in, 162, 279n45

and suspension of disbelief, 166–172, 279n50

therapy and neuroplasticity, 103–104

“This Be The Verse” (Larkin), 232,
234–235

Timaeus
(Plato), 13–14

time and memory, 158

Tolstoy, Leo, 197

Torstov (director and actor), 157

touch, 195

traumas, 100–102

triggers, actors’ use of, 159

truth, 160

uncertainties, 110

unheimlich
(estranged from home), 95

universality of emotions, 11–12

vagal tone, 209–211

vagus nerve, 196–197, 209, 211, 212

values, 45–46, 62

vasopressin, 230–231

ventral frontal cortex, 71,
72

ventral pallidum, 231

ventral premotor cortex (PMC), 151

ventral tegmental area (VTA),
188
,
188–189, 223,
224

Verfremdungseffekt
(alientation),
169–170

Vidal, Gore, 203

violence and violent tendencies

acts of mass violence, 34–35, 36

environment’s influence on, 28–31

and genetics research, 25–27

and guilt, 62–63

and legal culpability, 31–33, 35–36

and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), 26–27, 39, 260n26

and prefrontal cortex (PFC), 24–25

Virginia Tech shooting incidents, 34–35

Vischer, Robert, 148

visual system and sight, 221–225,
227–228

voice, anger’s effect on, 13

voles, 231

Vorhandenheit
(present-at-hand), 93–94

Wagner, Ullrich, 56–58

Weber, Max, 3

Wernicke, Karl, 200

Whipple, Beverly, 196

Wilde, Oscar, 75, 112

will power, 260n21

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 126–130, 131, 273n29

Zeki, Semir, 223

Zuhandenheit
(ready-to-hand), 93–94

zygomaticus major, 183–184