Joy, Guilt, Anger, Love (50 page)

Alexeyev, Constantin (Constantin Stanislavsky), 156–157

alienation in theatre performances,
169–170

American Psychiatric Association (APA), 87, 129

amphetamines, 193–194

amygdala,
17

and anxiety,
91
, 91–92, 96–98,
101–104

basolateral complex of, 92

central nucleus of (CeA), 92, 98

and facial expressions, 222–223

and fear,
97
, 97–98

and legal culpability, 33

as limbic-system component, 16

and love,
224
, 225

and mirror-neuron system, 152

and music, 198

and orgasms, 196

and prefrontal cortex (PFC), 23–25

Anaxagoras, 2

anger and aggression, 5–40

and brain lesions and injuries, 19–25, 54–55

and choice, 13

and criminal culpability, 31–36

and environmental influences, 28–31

escalation tendencies of, 13

forms of, 7

and genetic influences, 25–28, 40

in grief, 113

guilt compared to, 45–46

healthy approaches to, 37–39

and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), 26–31, 39, 260n26

morality entailed in, 7, 13

nature of, 7

as negative emotion, 11

and neuroanatomy, 16–18,
17

physical expressions of, 12–13

and prefrontal cortex (PFC),
17
, 17–18, 24–25

propensity for, 8

and rationality, 13–15

See also
violence and violent tendencies

animal kingdom, emotions in, 9

anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC), 164

anticipation, 190–191, 219

antidepressants, 135–137

anxiety, 77–110

and amygdala reactivity, 96–98,
101–104

anti-anxiety drugs, 104–107

bypassing, with alternative pathways, 96–100

and choices, 95–96

economic costs of, 82

and existential philosophy, 93–96

fear compared to, 83–85, 94

forms of, 88

history of diagnosis, 85–89

incidence of, 81

neural seat of,
91
, 91–93

and neuroplasticity, 100–104

physical expressions of, 90

anxiety (cont.)

positive role of, 108, 109–110

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 100–101

scientific investigation of, 92–93

societal intolerance of, 107–108

triggers for, 89–90, 99–100, 269n27

Apollo, 221

appetites, Plato’s concept of, 14

approach
mechanism, 10–11, 182

Aristippus, 204

Aristotle, 5, 37

Aron, Arthur, 223

art, 58–61, 69, 148, 264n19

The Artist Is Present
(Abramovic),
170–171

asymmetry of the brain, 200–203

Atik, Anne, 51

attention, 190

Auburn University shooting incident, 34

Auden, W. H., 80–81, 107

Aurora, Colorado shooting incident,
34, 36

avoidance
mechanism, 10–11, 182

Baldwin, James, 212

Barnes, Julian, 126

Bartels, Andreas, 223

Barthes, Roland, 227

Bayout, Abdelmalek, 32, 39

Beard, George, 85–86

beauty, 219–221

Beckett, Samuel, 51

bees, 190–191, 205–206

benzodiazepines, 105–106

biomarkers, 130–131

Blixen, Karen, 142

Bloomberg, Michael, 36

blushing, 156, 263n8

Bowlby, John, 233, 234, 237

brain imaging technologies, 64–66

and adhesion to fiction, 172–173

and guilt, 56–58,
58
, 73–74

and love, 223–225,
224
, 226–227

and mirror-neuron system, 151

and morality, 72–74

and orgasms, 196

and real vs. fictional characters,
163–164

technical limitations of, 67–71, 73–74, 266n33, 267n39

brainstem,
17

and anxiety,
91
, 96,
97
, 98

and fear,
97

and orgasms, 196–197

role of, 16

Brecht, Bertolt, 168–170

Bressan, Yannick, 172

Breuer, Josef, 86

Broca, Paul, 200

Brook, Peter, 153–154, 177

Brunner, Hans, 26

Bush, George W., 262n43

Cajal, Santiago Ramon y, 149

Canguilhem, Georges, 108

Capgras, Joseph, 227–228

Capgras delusion, 227–228, 229

Caravaggio, 58–61,
59
, 62, 63, 69, 74

Caspi, Avshalom, 28

caudate nucleus, 223–224,
224

cerebellum,
17

Chemistry.com, 240–243

children

brain development in, 18

and maltreatment effects, 28–29,
29

and parental care, 232–237

smiling of, 206–207

chills experienced with music, 197–198

choices and decision-making

and anger, 13

and anxiety, 95–96

and guilt, 53–56, 57

Heidegger on, 95–96

Kahneman’s model of, 258n10

role of emotion in, 20–24

cholinergic basal forebrain, 98

cocaine, 193

cognitive behavioral therapy, 104

cognitive functioning, 188, 260n21

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 167–168

Columbine High School shooting incident, 35

compassion, 285n51

complicated grief (CG), 125

concentration, 18, 190

conditioning

actors’ use of, 159, 160

and anxiety, 103

fear conditioning, 90

control over emotions, 102–103

cortex, 16–18

cortisol, 131, 132

courage, 212

creativity, 188

criminality, 31–33, 35–36, 261n28

Crisalida
(Dali), 104–105, 107

crying and tears, 116–119, 271n10

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 286n57

Cupid, 222

curiosity, 11

Dali, Salvador, 104–105, 107

Damasio, Antonio, 18, 20–23,
39, 250

Darwin, Charles

on anger, 12–13

on detection of emotions, 69

on evolutionary origins of
emotions, 9–10

on facial expressions, 9, 12, 147

on fear, 84, 147–148

on friendships, 211

on guilt, 45

on music, 197

on tears and crying, 117

on the theatre, 147–148

on universality of emotions,
11–12

Davidson, Richard, 201–203, 284n39, 285n51

David with the Head of Goliath
(Caravaggio), 58–61,
59
, 63, 69

Day-Lewis, Daniel, 160–161, 163

decision-making.
See
choices and decision-making

The Deluge at Norderney
(Blixen), 142

depression

and antidepressants, 135–137

and asymmetry of the brain, 202

and biomarkers, 131

Freud on, 123–124

and grief, 122–126

historical attitudes toward, 271n16

and positive emotions, 202

prevalence of, 81, 125, 136

and serotonin, 132–136,
133

treatment of, 141–142

desires, 14

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM), 87–89, 122–124, 129–130, 131

Diderot, Denis, 161–163

disgust, 49–50, 202

dopamine

effect of drugs on, 193

and food consumption, 199

and love, 224–225, 230

and monoamine oxidase A
(MAOA), 26

and music, 198

and online dating service, 240,
241, 243