Jerusalem: The Biography (120 page)

construction by Empress Helena,
147

and Crusaders,
208
,
212–15
,
217
,
221
,
225
,
227–8
,
233
,
235
,
243
,
250
,
260
,
269

daily rituals,
518–20

and Descent of the Holy Fire,
198
,
228
,
230
,
300
,
305
,
328
,
348
,
361
,
367
,
388
,
518

destruction by fire,
320

Fatimid destruction,
199–200

the Holy Sepulchre,
134
,
152
,
165
,
175
,
177n
,
178
,
185
,
189–92
,
194

and international visitors,
320
,
328
,
341
,
345–6
,
348
,
353
,
367–8
,
378

and Islamic sultanate,
254–5
,
260
,
263

last Crusader grave,
422n

latrines,
310

and Mamluk sultanate,
281
,
285–7

model of,
160

and Mongol raids,
277

and Napoleonic invasion,
316
,
318

and Ottoman sultanate,
299–300

Persian destruction,
162–3

and pilgrims’ accommodation,
201

and religious conflict,
320
,
339
,
343
,
348
,
424
,
520–1

and Tartar conquest,
271

and Turkish conquests,
203

Church of the Pinnacle,
160n

Church of the Redeemer,
378

Church of the Resurrection,
153

Churchill, Clementine,
433

Churchill, Lord Randolph,
433n

Churchill, Sir Winston, xxv,
382n
,
423n
,
429n
,
431–4
,
441
,
453n
,
466
,
477
,
484n
,
485

and Zionism,
410–14
,
432
,
461

CIA,
489

Cilicia,
26
,
88n
,
117
,
131n

circumcision,
45
,
61–3
,
118
,
130
,
360

ban on,
134
,
137

and Islam,
171

Citadel, xxi,
8–9
,
84
,
88
,
123
,
132
,
136
,
185
,
202
,
348

and Crusaders,
207
,
215
,
217

Clarence, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of,
362

Claudius, Emperor,
5
,
114–16
,
146n

Clausewitz, Carl von,
446

Clemenceau, Georges,
427–8

Cleopatra II, Queen of Egypt,
67n

Cleopatra III, Queen of Egypt,
70n

Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt,
73–5
,
77–82
,
131

Cleopatra Selene,
82n

Cleopatra Thea,
67n

Clermont,
208–9

Clifford, Clark,
464

Clinton, Bill, President,
506
,
508–9
,
514

Cobb, Miss,
399

Cohen, Amnon,
509n

Cohen, ‘Red Rosa’,
430

Cold War,
489

Columbus, Christopher,
294n

Conder, Lieutenant Charles,
355n
,
363n

Congress of Berlin,
362
,
409

Congreve, General Sir Walter ‘Squib’,
445

Conrad III, King of Germany,
234–5

Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem,
249
,
256n

Conrad II, King of Jerusalem,
270n

Conradin, King of Jerusalem,
270n

Constantine the Great, Emperor,
140
,
143–5
,
148–9
,
163
,
182
,
184
,
217
,
369
,
409

Constantine IX Monamachus, Emperor,
200

Constantine X Doukas, Emperor,
201

Constantinople,
130n
,
144
,
147
,
153–6
,
158–9
,
165
,
189
,
192
,
207n
,
209
,
217
,
416
,
442

and Arab conquest,
180
,
183
,
185–6
,
190

Hagia Sofia,
159
,
181–2
,
201

Nika riots,
158

Ottoman conquest,
288

and Persian threat,
161
,
163–4

Russian conquest,
311n

see also
Istanbul

Constantius Chlorus, Emperor,
140

Constantius II, Emperor,
148n
,
149–50

Cook, John Mason,
379

Cook, Thomas,
363

Cook, Miss,
335

Coptic Church,
157n
,
310
,
519

Córdoba,
200n
,
499

Council of Chalcedon,
157

Council of Nicaea,
145
,
148

Court of Women,
8
,
86

Crassus, Marcus Licinius,
72–3
,
76n
,
106n

Creasy, Mathilda,
345