Jefferson and Hamilton (74 page)

29
. TJ to Page, February 21, 1770,
PTJ
1:34–35.

30
. The text of Walker’s 1802 allegation and TJ’s confession can be found in Malone,
TJ
1:448–50. See also Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
, 41–63.

31
. Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
, 55–56.

32
. Dumbauld,
Thomas Jefferson and the Law
, 66–83; Frank L. Dewey,
Thomas Jefferson, Lawyer
(Charlottesville, Va., 1986), 9–14; Randall,
Life of Thomas Jefferson
, 85–86.

33
. John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 26–28.

34
. Quoted in Adams,
Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson
, 78.

35
.
JMB
1:212; TJ to James Ogilvie, February 20, 1771,
PTJ
1:63.

36
. Charles Sydnor,
Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in Washington’s Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1952), 100.

37
.
JMB
1:xlv– xlvi.

38
. Randall,
Life of Thomas Jefferson
, 1:62–64; Brodie,
TJ
, 88.

39
. TJ to Ogilvie, February 20, 1771,
PTJ
1:63; TJ to Robert Skipwith, August 3, 1771, ibid., 1:78.

40
. Randall,
Life of Thomas Jefferson
, 1:64, 160. For a good summary of the family legends concerning the newlyweds’ adventures, see Virginia Scharff,
The Women Jefferson Loved
(New York, 2010), 89–90.

41
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1121, 1151.

42
. Ibid., 1120–22.

43
. “Narrative of Hercules Mulligan of the City of New York,” [n.d.],
William and Mary Quarterly
4 (1947): 209.

44
. Flexner,
Young Hamilton
, 60.

45
. On AH’s habit of praying daily, see “Narrative of Colonel Robert Troup,” March 22, 1810, in
William and Mary Quarterly
4 (1947): 213.

CHAPTER 2: “THE GALLING YOKE OF DEPENDENCE”: BECOMING REBELS

Malone,
TJ
, 1:91–97, 128–42; Peterson,
TJ
, 32–79; Cunningham,
TJ
, 23–51; Chernow,
AH
, 54–74; Miller,
AH
, 3–16.

1
. TJ to Page, December 25, 1762,
PTJ
1:5.

2
. Frank L. Dewey,
Thomas Jefferson, Lawyer
(Charlottesville, Va., 1986), 83–93.

3
. Lawrence Henry Gibson, “The American Revolution as an Aftermath of the Great War for Empire,”
Political Science Quarterly
55 (1950): 86–104; Jack P. Greene, “An Uneasy Connection: An Analysis of the Preconditions of the American Revolution,” in Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson, eds.,
Essays on the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1973), 32–80; Gordon S. Wood,
The American Revolution: A History
(New York, 2003), 17–18.

4
. TJ to William Wirt, April 12, 1812, in Padover,
CTJ
, 898; Kevin J. Hayes,
The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 2008), 75.

5
. Resolutions for an Answer to Governor Botetourt’s Speech, May 8, 1769,
PTJ
1:26–27; Virginia Nonimportation Resolutions, May 1769, ibid., 1:27–30.

6
. JA, Diary, December 18, 1765,
DAJA
1:263.

7
. On the evolution of JA’s thinking, see JA to Hezekiah Niles, February 13, 1818, in Charles F. Adams, ed.,
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author
(Boston, 1850–1859), 10:285–86; JA to William Tudor, June 1, 1817, July 9, 1818, ibid., 10:259, 327; JA to Tudor, November 16, 25, December 7, 1816, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1954–1959, microfilm edition, reel 123; JA to Sheldon Jones, March 11, 1809, ibid., reel 118; JA to TJ, July 15, 1813, July 9, 1818,
AJL
2:237, 594; JA, Diary, March 22, 1773,
DAJA
2:80; JA to Benjamin Rush, February 27, 1805, May 1, 21, 1807, in John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds.,
The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–1813
(San Marino, Cal., 1966), 35–36, 80, 88.

8
. TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1122.

9
. Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 22–54. See also the excellent summaries in Lance Banning,
The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1978), 21–90; and David N. Mayer,
The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson
(Charlottesville, Va., 1994), 19–24.

10
. [TJ],
A Summary View of the Rights of British America
(Williamsburg, Va., 1775),
PTJ
1:122.

11
. Quoted in Peterson,
TJ
, 40.

12
. H. Trevor Colbourn,
The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1965), 3–56, 158–60; Bernard Bailyn,
Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
, 55–143; Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969), 10–45; Gordon S. Wood, “Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century,”
William and Mary Quarterly
39 (1982): 401–2; TJ, Autobiography, in Padover,
CTJ
, 1122; [TJ],
A Summary View, PTJ
1:135.

13
. Darren Staloff,
Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding
(New York, 2005), 244–56.

14
. JA to TJ, August 24, 1815, in
AJL
2:455.

15
. Quoted in Woody Holton,
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), 72.

16
. Draft of Declaration of Rights, July 26, 1774,
PTJ
1:119; TJ, Draft of Instructions to the Virginia Delegates to the Continental Congress, [July 1774], ibid., 1:121.

17
. Joseph J. Ellis,
American Sphinx
, 29.

18
. John Dickinson,
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
(1768), in Merrill Jensen, ed.,
Tracts of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1967), 128–63. The quotation can be found on page 140.

19
. TJ, Draft of Instructions to the Virginia Delegates in the Continental Congress, [July 1774],
PTJ
1:121–35. The quotations are on pages 125 and 129. For Ellis’s characterization, see Ellis,
American Sphinx
, 41. The literature on TJ’s composition is extensive; see Stephen A. Conrad, “Putting Rights Talk in Its Place:
The Summary View
Revisited,” in Peter Onuf, ed.,
Jeffersonian Legacies
(Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 254–80; David Mayer,
The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson
(Charlottesville, Va., 1994), 28–37; Kristofer Ray, “Thomas Jefferson and
A Summary View of the Rights of British America
,” in Francis D. Cogliano, ed.,
A Companion to Thomas Jefferson
(Chichester, England, 2011), 32–43.

20
. TJ to John W. Campbell, September 3, 1809, Ford,
WTJ
9:258; Instructions by the Virginia Convention to Their Delegates in Congress, 1774, August 1–6, 1774,
PTJ
1:141–43; John E. Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783
(Williamsburg, Va., 1988), 10.

21
. JA, “Letters of Novanglus,”
PJA
2:339–40; [TJ],
A Summary View, PTJ
1:126.

22
. [TJ],
A Summary View, PTJ
1:125, 135.

23
. Jack N. Rakove,
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
(Baltimore, 1979), 67.

24
. [AH],
A Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress
… (New York, 1774), in
PAH
1:78; [AH],
The Farmer Refuted
… (New York, 1775), ibid., 1:81–165. The quotations from these two pamphlets can be found in ibid., 1:46, 52, 59, 77, 82, 90, 91, 151, 158, and 165.

25
. [AH], “Remarks on the Quebec Bill,” June 15, 22, 1775,
New York-Gazetteer
, in
PAH
1:165–76.

26
. [AH],
New-York Journal
, “The Monitor,” Nos. I, IV, XI, XIV, November 9, 30, 1775, January 18, February 8, 1776; Worthington C. Ford, et al., eds.,
Journals of the Continental Congress
(Washington, D.C., 1904–1937), 3:410.

27
. Quoted in Hayes,
Road to Monticello
, 153.

28
. Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1945), 1:3–46.

29
. [AH],
New-York Journal
, “The Monitor,” Nos. IV, VII, XII, XIV, November 30, December 28, 1775, January 25, February 8, 1776.

30
. The “bombardier” quote can be found in John Hamilton,
The Life of Alexander Hamilton
(New York, 1840), 1:52, and the “seal my blood” quotation is in Chernow,
AH
, 72.

31
. Report of Committee to Prepare a Plan for a Militia, [March 25, 1775],
PTJ
1:160–61.

32
. Virginia Resolutions on Lord North’s Conciliatory Proposal, [June 10, 1775],
PTJ
1:170–74. The quotation is on page 172.

33
. TJ to William Small, May 7, 1775,
PTJ
1:165.

34
.
JMB
1:396–99; Samuel Ward to Henry Ward, June 22, 1775,
LDC
1:535; JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:335–36; JA to Timothy Pickering, August 6, 1822, Adams,
Works of John Adams
, 2:512.

35
. Some quotations are from Malone,
TJ
, 1:203, 295, 392, and 420. Some are from John Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution
(New York, 2000), 49. See also James A. Bear, ed.,
Jefferson at Monticello
(Charlottesville, Va., 1967), 11, 13, 18, 71–73; JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:335–36; JA to Pickering, August 6, 1822, Adams,
Works of John Adams
, 2:513–14.

36
. TJ, Composition Draft, ND,
PTJ
1:193–98; TJ, Fair Copy for the Committee, [n.d.], ibid., 1:199–203; John Dickinson’s Composition Draft, [n.d.], ibid., 1:204–12; The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, Ford,
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 2:128–57.

37
. JA to Abigail Adams, June 11, 1775, in Lyman H. Butterfield et al., eds.,
Adams Family Correspondence
(Cambridge, Mass., 1963–), 1:216.

38
. JA to Warren, May 15, 1776,
PJA
4:186; JA to AA, May 17, 1776, Butterfield,
Adams Family Correspondence
, 1:410. For TJ’s itinerary, see
JMB
1:xlvi– xlvii.

39
. TJ to Thomas Nelson, May 16, 1776,
PTJ
1:292.

40
. Nothing is certain about how and why TJ was chosen to draft the Declaration of Independence. JA and TJ left conflicting accounts of what transpired in the committee. See JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:336–37; JA to Timothy Pickering, August 6, 1822, Adams,
Writings of John Adams
, 2:512–14n; TJ to James Madison, August 30, 1823, Ford,
WTJ
10:267–69. See also Pauline Maier,
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1997), 99–105; and John Ferling,
Independence: The Struggle to Set America Free
(New York, 2011), 299–300.

41
. On the time that TJ devoted to the draft, see Ferling,
Independence
, 309. JA’s recollection is in JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:336.

42
. Nathan Schachner,
Thomas Jefferson: A Biography
(New York, 1951), 118; David Mc-Cullough,
John Adams
(New York, 2001), 120.

43
. Carl Becker,
The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas
(reprint, New York, 1960), 151–52; TJ to Madison, August 30, 1823, Ford,
WTJ
10: 267–69; “Jefferson’s ‘original Rough draught’ of the Declaration of Independence,”
PTJ
1:423–28, and the editorial note on the evolution of the text, ibid., 1:413–17; “John Adams’ Copy of the Declaration of Independence, [ante June 28, 1776],
PJA
4:341–51. See also Julian Boyd,
The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text as Shown in Facsimiles of Various Drafts by Its Author
(Washington, D.C., 1943).

44
. JA to Pickering, August 6, 1822,
WJA
2:514n; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 148; TJ to Henry Lee, May 8, 1825, Lipscomb and Bergh,
WTJ
7:407.

45
. Maier,
American Scripture
, 124–28. The draft of Virginia’s Declaration of Rights can be found in Peter Force, ed.,
American Archives
, 4th series (Washington, D.C., 1837–46), 6:1537.

46
. David Freeman Hawke,
A Transaction of Free Men: The Birth and Course of the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1964), 207–8; John Hazleton,
The Declaration of Independence: Its History
(New York, 1906), 242; 156–57, 258–81; Maier,
American Scripture
, 157–59; Elbridge Gerry to Joseph Trumbull, July 8, 1776,
LDC
4:406; JA to Samuel Chase, July 9, 1776,
PJA
4:372; AA to JA, July 21, 1776, Butterfield,
Adams Family Correspondence
, 2:56; GW, General Orders, July 9, 1776,
PGWR
5:246; ibid., 5:247n; GW to John Hancock, July 10, 1776, ibid., 5:258; Lt. Col. Thomas Seymour to Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, July 11, 1776, Peter Force, ed.,
American Archives
5th series (Washington, D.C., 1847–1853), 1:205; Col. Thomas Hartley to Gen. Gates, July 28, 1776, ibid., 1:630.