James and Dolley Madison (57 page)

  
8
. James Monroe to James Madison, November 30, 1794, in
PJM
, 15:403.

  
9
. Memorandum to Monroe from Madison, in ibid., 15:498; James Madison to James Monroe, January 15, 1796, in ibid., 16:202.

10
. Hyland,
Montpelier and the Madisons
, p. 58.

11
. Ibid., pp. 58–63.

12
. Margaret Tinkcom, “Caviar along the Potomac: Sir Augustus John Foster's
‘Notes on the United States,' 1804–1812,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., 8 (January 1951): 90, 98.

13
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, January 21, 1798, in
Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Merrill Peterson (Charlottesville, VA: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1993), p. 121.

14
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, December 29, 1799, in
PJM
, 2:151.

15
. James Madison to James Monroe, February 5, 1798, in ibid., 17:73–75.

16
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 13, 1798, in ibid., 17:131–33; Dolley Madison to Dolley Cutts, December 1831, in DMDE.

17
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, December 25, 1797, in
PJM
, 17:63–64.

18
. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, June 1, 1797, in ibid., 17:10–11.

19
. John Snowden and William McCorkle to James Madison, August 8, 1797, in ibid., 17:41.

20
. Brant,
James Madison
, 1:467.

21
. Thornton, September 13, 1802, in Anna Thornton Diary; Katherine Anthony,
Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times
(New York: Doubleday, 1949), p. 261.

22
. Sally McKean d'Yrugo to Dolley Madison, August 3, 1797, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, October of 1794, '95 or '96, in DMDE; Robert Honeyman to Dolley Madison, July 19, 1799, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, January 12, 1800, in DMDE.

23
. James Monroe to James Madison, December 10, 1797, in
PJM
, 17:60.

24
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, February 1798, in Madison and Hunt,
Writings of James Madison
, 6:310.

25
. James Madison to James Monroe, December 17, 1797, in ibid., 2:119–20.

26
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, June 10, 1798, and December 29, 1798, in ibid., 2:148–49.

27
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 12, 1798, in ibid., 2:130–31.

28
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 2, 1798, in ibid., 2:131.

29
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 15, 1798, in ibid., 2:136.

30
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 20, 1798, in ibid., 6:121.

31
. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, April 6, 1798, and April 15, 1798, in
PJM
, 17:198, 113.

32
.
Gazette of the United States
, April 24, 1798.

33
. Samuel Chase to James McHenry, December 4, 1796, in
The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, Secretary of War under Washington and Adams
, by Bernard Steiner (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1907), p. 203.

34
. In James Morton Smith, “Sedition in the Old Dominion: James T. Callender and ‘The Prospect before Us,'”
Journal of Southern History
20, no. 2 (May 1954): 339–40.

35
.
Aurora
, May 15, 1799.

36
. James Madison to James Monroe, May 23, 1800, in
PJM
, 17:389–90.

37
. Noel Gerson,
The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison
(Nashville: Thomas and Nelson, 1975), p. 104.

38
. Ketcham,
James Madison
, pp. 400–402.

39
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 19, 1798, in
PJM
, 17:113–15.

40
. Stephen Moylan to James Madison, April 25, 1798, in ibid., 17:119.

CHAPTER 5. MONTPELIER TO WASHINGTON, DC

  
1
. William Appleton Williams,
America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776–1976
(New York: William Morrow, 1976), pp. 28–31.

  
2
. David McCants,
Patrick Henry: The Orator
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1990), p. 121; Jefferson notes in H. R. McIlwaine and J. P. Kennedy,
Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia
(Richmond, VA: Colonial Press, E. Waddy, 1905–1915), 9:xiii.

  
3
. George Washington to Joseph Reed, February 10, 1776, in
The Writings of George Washington
, by George Washington, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1932) (hereafter cited as
GWW
), 4:321.

  
4
. William Miller,
The Business of May Next: James Madison and the Founding
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), pp. 8–9.

  
5
. Fisher Ames to George Minot, May 3, 1789, in
The Works of Fisher Ames
, by Seth Ames (Boston: Little, Brown, 1854), 1:34–35.

  
6
. Noble Cunningham Jr.,
In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), p. 176; Stuart Leibiger,
Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), p. 120.

  
7
. Charles Callan Tansill,
The Making of the American Republic: The Great Documents, 1774–1789
(New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House Press, 1972), p. 105.

  
8
. Samuel Otis to Theodore Sedgwick, June 15, 1788, Sedgwick Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

  
9
. J.-P. Brissot de Warville,
New Travels in the United States of America, 1788
, trans. M. S. Vamos and Durand Echeverria, ed. Durand Echeverria (London: J. E. Jordan, 1794), pp. 146–48.

10
. Plumer's Memorandum, April 8, 1806, Plumer's biographical notes in the William Plumer Papers, Library of Congress, New Hampshire State Library, p. 478.

11
. Hugh Grigsby,
The Virginia Convention of 1776
(Richmond, VA, 1855), p. 182.

12
. Hamilton to Rufus King, October 30, 1794, in
James Madison
, by Irving Brant (Indianapolis, IN, Bobbs-Merrill), 1:416.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Ibid., 1:417.

15
. Eugene Link,
Democratic and Republican Societies, 1790–1800
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1942), pp. 210–11.

16
. George Washington to Timothy Pickering, July 27, 1795, in
GWW
, 34:251; George Washington, farewell address, September 19, 1796, in
GWW
, 35:226.

17
. Theodore Sedgwick to Ephraim Williams, June 5, 1794, in Sedgwick Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Samuel Smith to O. H. Williams, March 30, 1794, in Otho Holland Williams Papers, no. 9, 866, Maryland Historical Society; Noble Cunningham Jr.,
The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957), pp. 68–70.

18
. Newspaper essay in several journals, September 22, 1792; Lance Banning,
The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 362; James Madison, “Government of the United States,” essay, February 4, 1792, in
The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers
, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), 14:217–18.

19
. Noel Gerson,
The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison
(Nashville: Thomas and Nelson, 1975), p. 91.

20
. Abigail Adams to Marcy Cranch, March 18, 1800, in
The New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801
, by Abigail Adams, ed. Stewart Mitchell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), pp. 241–42.

21
. Noble Cunningham Jr., “The Frances Few Diary,”
Journal of Southern History
29, no. 3 (August 1963).

22
. Gerson,
Velvet Glove
, p. 94.

23
. Ibid., p. 93.

24
. Katherine Anthony,
Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949), p. 118.

25
. John Adams to Abigail Adams, February 11, 1796, in Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

26
. Sally McKean to Anna Payne, June 6, 1796, and September 3, 1796, in
Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States
, by Lucia Cutts (1886; repr., Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), pp. 18–22.

27
. Dolley Madison to Mrs. Zantzinger, sometime between 1808 and 1810, Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013).

28
. Dolley Madison to Benjamin Latrobe, March 17, 1809, in ibid.

29
. Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, March 29, 1809, in ibid.; Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, March 17, 1809, in ibid.; Mary Latrobe to Dolley Madison, April 12, 1809, in ibid.; Benjamin Latrobe to Dolley Madison, April 21, 1809, in ibid.

30
. James Longacre and James Herring, eds., “Mrs. Madison,” in
National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans
(New York: Herman Bancroft, 1836), pp. 4–5.

31
. Sarah Gales Seaton Papers, January 1814, noted in Josephine Seaton,
William Winston Seaton of the ‘National Intelligencer': A Biographical Sketch
(Boston: James Osgood, 1871), p. 113; Catherine Allgor,
A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation
(New York: Henry Holt, 2006), p. 336.

32
. Allgor,
Perfect Union
, pp. 245–47.

33
. Anthony,
Dolley Madison
, p. 237.

34
. Ibid., p. 197.

35
. Margaret Bayard Smith,
A Winter in Washington; or, Memoirs of the Seymour Family
(New York: E. Bliss and E. White, 1824), pp. 43–44; Allgor,
Perfect Union
, p. 247.

36
. Margaret Bayard Smith,
The First Forty Years of Washington Society
, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 61–63.

CHAPTER 6. A NEW WORLD

  
1
. Lucia Cutts,
Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States
(1886; repr., Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971), p. 1.

  
2
.
National Intelligencer
, March 5, 1801, and June 8, 1801.

  
3
.
Alexandria Advertiser and Commercial Intelligencer
, February 28, 1800.

  
4
. Ralph Ketcham,
James Madison: A Biography
(New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 408.

  
5
. Maud Goodwin,
Dolley Madison
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940), p. 79.

  
6
. Hetty Ann Barton, Diary of Hetty Ann Barton, May 1803, in Papers of Hetty Ann Barton, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

  
7
. Mary Bagot,
Exile in Yankeeland: The Journal of Mary Bagot, 1816–1819
, ed. David Hosford (Washington, DC: Historical Society of Washington, DC, 1984), p. 31.

  
8
. US Census Bureau, 2nd–9th editions (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1800–1870).

  
9
. Dolley Madison,
The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison
, ed. David Mattern and Holly Schulman (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003), pp. 40–41.

10
. Constance McLaughlin Green,
Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962), pp. 27–28.

11
. Ibid., p. 24.

12
. Richard Griswold to Mrs. Fanny Griswold, December 6, 1800, in Griswold Manuscripts, Yale University Library.

13
. Fawn Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate Portrait
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), p. 336.

14
. Cutts,
Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison
, 2:1; Samuel Mitchill, “Dr. Mitchill's Letters from Washington: 1801–1813,”
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
58 (April 1879): 740–47.

15
. Green,
Washington
, p. 46.

16
. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 33, 1801, in
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, by Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian Boyd and Barbara Oberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 33:630.

17
. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, March 12, 1801, in ibid., 33:255–56.

18
. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, April 25, 1801, in ibid., 33:642.

19
. Levi Lincoln to Thomas Jefferson, April 16, 1801, in ibid., 33:596–98.

20
. Green,
Washington
, p. 26; James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 15, 1800, in
The Writings of James Madison
, by James Madison and Gaillard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 2:155–56.

21
. Dolley Madison to Anna Thornton, May 18, 1808, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter cited as DMDE).

22
. Ibid.

23
. Cutts,
Memoirs and Letters of Dolley Madison
, p. 2.

24
. Ralph Ketcham,
The Madisons at Montpelier: Reflections on the Founding Couple
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2009), p. 1.

25
. Nancy Isenberg,
Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr
(New York: Viking Press, 2007), pp. 148–49.