Invisible Romans (59 page)

children,
220
–1

engage in marriage,
221
–3

and sex,
222

homosexuality,
223
–4

religious life,
224
–7

oaths to emperor,
225

disadvantages,
227
–30

social advancement,
227

active service,
228

disease and death,
228
–9

punishments,
229

discharge and life as veterans,
230
–4

mutinies,
230

gladiators banned,
281

as bandits,
294

Soranus,
67

Spartacus,
196

spells and incantations,
13
–15,
18
,
28
–9,
91
–2

Stoics,
18
,
106

Strabo,
291
,
301
,
304
,
321

Suetonius,
239
,
285
,
300

Lives of Famous Prostitutes,
237
–8

suicide: among slaves,
157

Sulpicia,
256

supernatural, the: acceptance of,
13
,
17
–18

superstition,
13
,
166

syphilis,
263

Syrus, Publilius,
79
,
148
,
320

T

Tacitus,
172
,
198
,
229
–30,
238
,
274

Tasoucharion,
86

Tatius, Achilles:
Leucippe and Clitophon,
257
,
296
,
306
,
309
–10,
313

taverns,
48
–9

taxation: of prostitutes,
239
–42

Taylor, A.J.P.,
318

temples: as venues for prostitutes,
254
–5

tenant farmers,
98
–9

Terentianus, Claudius,
211
,
229

Tertullian,
219
,
253
,
271
,
280
,
288
,
300

theaters: women in,
95

and prostitution,
253
–4

theft,
35
–8,
41
,
44

Thomas, Gospel of,
54

Timothy: letters,
58

Titianus Primus,
153

tradesmen
see
craftsmen

Trajan, Roman Emperor,
213

travel: dangers,
32
–3

Treggiari, Susan,
84

U

Ulpian,
174
,
213
,
234
,
247
,
249
,
260
,
281

unemployment,
23

V

Valerianus, Gaius Gemellius,
10

Varro,
160

Vegetius,
203
–6,
225
,
230

vigilantism,
301
–3

Vikings,
291

Ville, George,
277

Vindolanda (Britain),
204

violence: and personal disputes,
39
–40,
45
see also
riots

Vitalis, Lucius Maius,
210

Vitalis, Vireius,
10

Vitalis Maximus, Vireius,
10

W

wages and earnings: of the poor,
98

soldiers’,
201
–2

wealth: and the poor,
123

weaving,
81

wet nurses,
87

widowhood,
12
,
73
–4

witches,
15

women: domination of,
25

and sexual practices,
26
,
258

at baths,
44
–5,
47

status and role,
53
–6,
69
–70,
90
,
96

and family,
55
,
58
,
70
,
91

non-participation in public life,
56
,
93

activities,
57
,
95
–6

dress,
57
–8

in street riots,
57

and marriage,
58
–66,
90
–1

and virtue of chastity,
64
–5

socializing,
71
,
95

supposed gossiping and drinking,
71
–2

and childbirth,
72
–3

and health concerns,
72
–3

travels,
74

suffer from husbands’ behaviour and abuse,
76
–9

leave husbands,
79
–80

economic role and activities,
80
–90

as fortune-tellers and sorceresses,
87
–8,
90
–2

as stage performers,
87

in associations and trade guilds,
88

as landowners,
89

legal position,
90
–1

religious activities,
93
–5

marriage to patrons,
179

and soldiers,
210
,
220
,
222
–3

propositioned in street,
260
–1

as gladiators,
267
–9

attracted to gladiators,
275
,
286

excluded from outlaw society,
306
see also
marriage

prostitutes and prostitution

sex

widowhood

work: social attitudes to,
11

worries and fears (personal),
19
–23,
42

X

Xenophon:
An Ephesian Tale,
297
–8,
301
,
306
,
313

1. A street in Pompeii. Where ordinary people lived and worked. Imagine the sidewalks and street filled with the hustle and bustle that was the lifeblood of a town.

2. The town’s busy market. A cutlery merchant has his wares spread out on a temporary table in the forum of Pompeii. The intense activity all around would be typical of a market day.

3. Merchants selling cutlery. The needs of everyday life were bought in stalls along the street or in the mercantile center (forum) of a town.

4. Vibrant religion. Ordinary men carry a bier in a religious procession at Pompeii. The protecting divinity stands in front, with the men’s carpentry profession modeled behind.

5. Consulting a corner sorceress. Many professional and amateur magicians and soothsayers were ready to meet the demand for using the supernatural to understand and control the world.

6. Religious procession. The whole population turns out to honor the Great Mother goddess Cybele at Pompeii – elites, priests, and ordinary people.