Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer (151 page)

and quantum mechanics debate 139, 140

awarded Nobel Prize (1933) 116, 209

at Dublin 491

Schweber, Silvan 283, 510

Schwinger, Julian 284–5

as RO’s research assistant 284, 285–7

collaborates with him 287, 289

and Dancoff 287–8

works on mesotrons 289–90

notes RO’s loss of creativity 290

leaves Berkeley 290

at Harvard 496

at Shelter Island Conference 501, 504, 505

reformulates QED 208, 283, 284, 504, 509–10, 511–14, 516–18, 519, 520

and RO’s hearing 621

and RO’s 60th birthday tribute 657

awarded Nobel Prize (1965) 284, 530

Science
194, 195, 256

‘scintillations’ 188–9

Seaborg, Glenn T. 257, 305–6, 407, 408, 409, 433, 495, 547, 555, 651, 655, 669

See It Now
(TV programme) 633–4

Segrè, Emilio 264–5, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 408, 410, 412, 418, 424

Seligman, Alfred Lincoln 8

Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson 8, 20

Seligman, George Washington 8

Seligman, James 8

Seligman, Jesse 8, 17

Seligman, Joseph 8, 11–13, 15, 17

Seligman, Theodore 17

Seligman, William 8, 17

Seligman & Co. 11–12

Seligmans, the 9, 41

Sengier, Edgar 485

Serber, Charlotte 222, 223, 276, 278, 315, 339, 376, 378, 386, 425, 668

Serber, Robert 211, 223

on RO 158, 176, 212, 213, 214, 232, 234, 235, 289, 346, 404

invited by him to support longshoremen’s strike 222–3

and Yukawa 229

collaborates with RO 229, 248

on Jean Tatlock 234

on Snyder 249

leaves Berkeley for Illinois University 258, 259, 283

relationship with RO 258, 259, 284

and discovery of fission 258

invited to New Mexico 276, 278

on Kitty Oppenheimer 278

collaborates with RO and Snyder 288–9

joins RO on atomic-bomb project 313, 315–16, 319, 320, 321

arrives at Los Alamos 339, 340

and RO’s security plan 346–7

lectures on bomb 350–52

collaborates with Tolman on implosion 352, 410, 411

leads discussions 353

plans scientific programme 354

a possible Communist 376

and Jean Tatlock’s death 386

at discussion of Bohr’s drawing 398

and ‘RaLa method’ of implosion 419–20

and ‘Trinity’ test 444

sends letter to Japanese physicist 454–5

and Japanese surrender 456

in Japan 462, 463, 467

and Teller’s ‘Super’ 546

agrees to present Lawrence’s proposals for reactors 546, 548

surprised at GAC’s change of attitude to H-bomb programme 548

leaves Berkeley for Columbia 571

considered ‘leftist’ 573

on Peter Oppenheimer 644

contributes to RO’s 60th birthday tribute 658

devotion to Kitty Oppenheimer 668

speaks at RO’s memorial service 669

death 352
n

Shelter Island Conference (1947) 501–5, 508, 509, 513

Shepley, James and Blair, Clay:
The Hydrogen Bomb
630, 633

Sherr, Pat 426, 644

Sherwin, Martin 335
n

Fergusson interview 97, 98

Shipley, Sir Arthur 92

‘showering’ 205

Silverman, Sam 605

Simon, Franz 293–4

Slater, John C. 133

Slotnick, Murray 527–8

Smith, Al 219–20

Smith, Alice Kiball 457, 458, 476

Smith, Cyril S. 330, 495, 547, 550, 658

Smith, Herbert Winslow:

relationship with RO 34

views on RO 34, 35, 37, 47, 59, 71, 149

and Fergusson 43–4

travels to New Mexico with RO 44–5, 50–51

encourages his writing 65

dines with him 70

advises Fergusson to be tactful with RO 84, 90

with RO after mother’s death 181

RO’s letters to 56, 58, 62, 64–5, 69, 70, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85

Fergusson’s letters to 61, 62, 63

Smith, Howard K. 642

Smith Act (1940) 275, 280

Smyth, Henry DeWolf 458–9, 552, 623, 631, 668

Sneath, Richard G. 12

Snow, C. P. 92, 96, 184
n

‘The Two Cultures’ 92, 649

Snyder, Hartland 249, 259, 264, 273, 283, 284

collaborates with RO 249–50, 251, 263, 284, 655, and with RO and Serber 288–9

Social Register
, New York 15

Soddy, Frederick 183
n

Solvay, Ernest 138

Solvay Congresses:

1911 501

1927 138–40

1933 207

1948 519–20, 521

1958 643

Somervell, General Brehon B. 322, 323

Sommerfeld, Arnold 88, 103, 129, 138, 161, 165, 167, 230

Atombau und Spektrallinien
76
n
, 87, 104, 167

‘Bohr–Sommerfeld model’ 87, 167

Sorin, Gerald 7

Southeast
,
The
615

Spaatz, General Carl 443, 444, 448, 453

Spanish Civil War (1936–7) 232–3, 234, 236, 238, 241, 277–8, 280, 308

Spender, Stephen 646

Sproul, Robert 324, 478

Sputnik I
642

Stalin, Joseph 271, 274, 432, 442, 443

Stern, Alfred 231, 244

Stern, Hedwig (
née
Oppenheimer) 231

Stern, J. H. 15

Stern, Otto 159

Stern, Philip 379–80, 539

Stevenson, Adlai 583

Stevenson, E. C. 229

Stewart, Alexander 12

Stewart (A. T.) & Company 12

Stewart, Walter W. 508

Stimson, Henry L. 366, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 437, 441–2, 443, 444

RO’s letter to 458

Strachey, Lytton 90

Strassman, Fritz 252–4

Stratton, S. W.: Born to 130–31

Strauss, Lewis L. 493

offers RO directorship of Institute for Advanced Study 495

‘shaken’ by FBI’s revelations about RO 499

RO makes an enemy of 537–9

lobbies Truman to authorise H-bomb programme 543–4, 553, 555, 556

cold-shouldered by RO 554

told about Fuchs 556

suspects RO 556–7, 572

resigns from AEC 571

wants RO’s reputation ruined 574, 590

opposed to his being reappointed to GAC 578

at RO’s lecture to Council on Foreign Relations 587, 588

and Murphy’s attack on RO 591

winning war against RO 592–3

accepts chairmanship of AEC 593–4

Time
profiles 593–4, 595

and Borden 597, 598

meeting with RO 601–2

puts RO under close surveillance 602, 603

and Rabi 604, 615

and RO’s hearing 606, 607, 609, 623

persuades AEC to publish proceedings 623

and decision not to reinstate RO’s clearance 623

and RO’s resignation as Institute director 631

replaced as chairman of AEC 645

public humiliation 645

and RO’s Fermi Award 655

Street, J. C. 229

Strömgren, Bengt 657, 658

Strong, Major General 341, 345

Sunday Express
190, 599

‘Super’, the
see
hydrogen bomb

supernovae 245–6, 247, 249, 250

Swann, William 168

Sweeney, Major Charles W. 453, 454

Szilard, Leo:

conceives idea of chain reactions 190–91, 261

leaves Germany 198

tries to warn US government of dangers of fission 261–2

alerts Einstein 262–3

joins with him and Teller to write to President 263

and start of US bomb project 266

investigates chain reactions 293

and Oliphant 295

at Columbia 309, 326

at Chicago Met Lab 309, 324

and Groves 324, 432

worried about consequences of atomic bomb 432–3

petitions Los Alamos scientists 435–6

and May–Johnson Bill 465–6

gives evidence to House Committe on Military Affairs 473

on RO’s testimony 474

Taft, Senator Robert 592

Tamm, E. A. 345, 383, 384

Tanimoto, Rev. Kiyoshi 446–7

Tatlock, Jean 233–5, 236, 259, 359, 360, 362, 373, 386–7, 427, 597, 612–13

Tatlock, John 233, 386

Teachers’ Union 238–9, 241

Teller, Edward 262

hears about nuclear fission 255

urges secrecy 262

writes letter to Roosevelt with Einstein 263

works on ‘Super’ fission bomb 317–18, 319, 320, 356, 411, 416–18, 543

on RO 321

on Berkeley 321–2

offended at not being given Los Alamos post 331, 417

impressed by Feynman 348

and Groves 349

on Los Alamos planning board 354

concerned that Germans have atomic bomb 392

and von Neumann’s visit 413, 416–17

dissuaded from signing Szilard’s petition by RO 436

at Shelter Island Conference 501

supports Frank Oppenheimer 537

worried by Soviet bomb 543

and debate over crash programme for H-bomb 543–4, 545, 546–7, 551–2, 555, 556, 558–9, 560

and Fuchs 557

his ‘classic Super’ design shown not to work 560–61, 565–6

and GAC report 562, 569

designs ‘Cylinder’ 566

develops bomb with Ulam 566–9

leaves Los Alamos for Chicago 569–71

campaigns for rival laboratory 571–4

and Strauss 572

interviewed by FBI 573

ruins RO’s reputation 574, 575, 578

monitors first Ulam–Teller bomb 585

has extraordinary conversation with RO 586–7

and RO’s hearing 604–5, 606, 616–17, 621, 626

Life
magazine profile 629–30

and Yang 532

excluded from Kennedy’s reception 651

awarded Fermi Prize 655

at RO’s award ceremony 657

Temple Emanu-El, New York 10, 13, 15

Thomas, J. Parnell 524

Thompson, L. T. E. 411, 412

Thomson, G. P. 293, 295

Thomson, J. J. 86, 99, 115

Thornton, Robert 207, 216

Tibbets, Colonel Paul 445, 448

Timayenis, Telemachus:
The American Jew
16

Time
magazine 38, 182, 266, 506, 593

article on RO 523-5, 527, 532, 539–40

articles on Strauss 593–4, 595

article on Oppenheimer case 625–6

Times
,
The
190

Titanic
, RMS 29

Tizard, Henry 293

Tokyo, fire-bombing of (1945) 429

Tolman, Richard:

works with G. N. Lewis 166

and RO’s lecture on Dirac’s theory 172–3

Millikan’s letter to 175–6

friendship with RO 174, 213, 276, 478

and Einstein 197

and Volkoff 248–9

at Berkeley meeting on H-bomb 319

suggests ‘implosion’ concept 352, 410, 411

responsible for ordnance 354

collaborates on ‘Smyth Report’ 458–9

Tolman, Ruth 173, 174, 213, 276, 478

Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 208, 283, 514–15, 517, 530

‘transformation theory’ (Dirac) 130, 171

Treiman, Sam 642, 667

Trimethy
(sloop) 31, 39–40, 72, 73, 140

‘Trinity Project’/test 48
n
, 426–8, 429, 432, 437–42, 444, 448, 449, 452

tritium 545, 548, 566, 568

Truman, Harry S., President:

‘pepped up’ by ‘Trinity’ test 441

and Stimson 437

at Potsdam Conference (1945) 432, 442

tells Stalin about atomic bomb 443

and Hiroshima 444, 449, 450

returns to Washington 452

orders bombing to stop 455

and Japanese surrender 456

orders secrecy about atomic bomb 459

and ALAS statement urging international cooperation 464–5

and May–Johnson Bill 473

clashes with RO 475–6, 488

his US-centric view 477, 479, 482

rejects possibility of Soviet bomb 484, 589

signs McMahon Bill 492

chooses Lilienthal as AEC chairman 493

and FBI suspicions of RO 499

announces Truman Doctrine 500

and news of Soviet bomb 543

and US H-bomb programme 543–4, 552–3, 554–5, 557, 559, 560, 562

told about Fuchs 556

‘regrets’ RO’s resignation from GAC 578

does not seek re-election 582

and postponement of ‘Mike’ test 584

Tsien, Hsue-Shen 236

‘Tube Alloys’ project 307, 390, 391, 397, 399, 402, 406

Tuck, James 391, 403–4, 418

‘tunnelling’
see
‘quantum tunnelling’

Turner, Louis 264, 305

Uehling, Edwin 211, 212, 273, 276, 282, 290

Uhlenbeck, Else 141, 169, 211

Uhlenbeck, George:

identifies ‘spin’ of electrons 113, 158

and RO 113, 131, 132

accepts position at Michigan 132, 141

welcomed to New York by RO 141

at Ann Arbor summer school 141, 149

and RO’s research on quantum mechanics 208, 209

with him at Ann Arbor and Perro Caliente 211

accepts Utrecht post 211

returns to Michigan 255

and news of nuclear fission 255

at Shelter Island Conference 501

speaks at dedication of Bohr Library (1962) 652

RO’s letters to 131, 132, 153, 208, 209, 250, 258

Ulam, Françoise 567

Ulam, Stanislaw (Stan) 419

collaborates with Teller on H-bomb design 560–61, 565, 566–8, 584–6, 594, 608–9

‘uncertainty principle’ (Heisenberg) 131, 137, 138

University of Peace 659–60

uranium 87, 253

sources 44, 262–3, 323, 482, 485

fission 252–4, 256–8, 261, 291, 356, 394

critical mass 291–2, 306, 316

chain reactions 262, 263, 293, 295

extraction of U-235 293–4, 304–6

enriched 311, 323, 324

bomb design 316–20, 330–31, 351–2, 405
ff
.,
see
‘Little Boy’

Urey, Harold 183, 196, 328, 329

and Birge 167

discovers deuterium 183, 193

hears news of nuclear fission 255

gives advice on isotope separation 304

on S-1 committee 307, 308

reports on Beams’ research 309

works on gaseous-diffusion 324

and May–Johnson Bill 465, 473

and RO hearing 621