Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect (44 page)

author's recommendations,
227

beginning of uprising,
81
–
100

deaths in

number of civilians killed,
16
,
139
,
141
–
42

number of security personnel,
16
,
84

US claiming army murdered over 1,400,
113

increased intervention by outside groups and countries,
213
–
35

and Iran supporting Assad,
143
,
145
–
65
,
172

belief if Assad loses, Iran is weakened,
149
–
50
,
219

growth in criticisms of Assad,
156
–
57
,
164

proposing a peace plan that kept Assad,
163

key dates during,
250
–
55

and Palestine,
205
–
206
,
210
–
11
,
212

rebels carrying out targeted assassinations of Mukhabarat agents,
90

rebels gaining ground in 2012,
154

role of religion in,
151

and Russia supporting Assad

importance of in solving civil war,
227

support for Assad,
152
,
224
,
225
,
227
–
30
,
235
,
251
,
255

and Syrian chemical weapons,
13
,
115
,
254

and Saudi Arabia

supporting Assad,
16
–
17
,
84
,
85
,
94
,
95
,
96
,
139
,
143
,
152
,
231
–
33

supporting rebels in Syria,
230
,
231
,
232

Syrian army laying siege to rebel-controlled areas causing civilian harm,
224
–
25

Syrian refugees from,
117
,
133
,
138
,
186
,
227

and Turkey supporting rebels,
94
,
95
,
152
,
232
–
33

and US

calls for regime change,
79
,
219
–
20

rebel leaders desire for US aid and support,
17
–
18

and rebels,
17
,
84
,
85
,
94
,
96
,
114
,
119
,
139
,
143
,
221
,
222
–
23
,
233
,
254

shifting policy of US during the uprising,
18
,
112
–
15
,
220
–
24
,
233

views in US,
152
,
223
–
24

use of something like Taif Accords to settle,
235

Syrian Communist Party,
170

Syrian National Coalition,
103

Syrian National Council (SNC),
93
,
182
,
213
–
14
,
241
,
250
.
See also
National Coalition for Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

Syrian Non Violent Movement,
53

Syrian Observatory for Human Rights,
103

Syriatel (company),
73

Tadmur Prison, killing of political prisoners,
70
,
248

Tahrir, Alawi,
81

Tahrir Square (Cairo),
85

Taif Accords,
235

takfiris
[impure Muslims],
134
,
152
,
244

Talabani, Jalal,
172

Talq, Abdurrahman al-,
231

Talq, Mohammed al-,
231

Tammo, Mashaal,
90
,
181
–
82

targeted assassinations

use of by Assad supporters,
90

use of by opposition,
89
–
90

Tariq Ahmed, Ziyaad,
108
–
109

Tartus, Syria,
90
,
126
–
27
,
128
,
141
,
228

Tayfour, Mohammad Farouk,
93

Tayi, Auda Abu,
26
–
27
,
51

Tehran, Iran, impact of sanctions on,
158
–
61

Tel Al-Zaatar refugee camp,
206

Tel Aviv, Israel,
196
,
199

Ten Point Pledge and Charter (Muslim Brotherhood),
92
–
93

terrorist organizations,
98

al-Qaeda,
174

Jabhat al-Nusra added,
97
,
240
,
252

Kurdistan Workers Party [Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK)],
174

Texaco (company),
218

Thomas, Lowell,
39
–
42

Time
(magazine),
164

Tokyo subway attacks, use of sarin in,
105

torture, use of

by Assad regime,
18
,
75
,
82
,
83
,
86
,
120
,
168
,
241
,
250
,
254
,
255

by ISIS,
99
,
117

Total (oil company),
29
–
30

Toumeh, Nabil,
129

Transitional Administrative Law in Iraq,
177

Treasury Department (US),
159

Tunisia,
230
,
250

popular uprising in,
11
,
16
,
81
–
82
,
195

Turkey

and Hamas,
210

and Muslim Brotherhood,
234

and Syria

acting as intermediary for Golan negotiations,
203

Adana Agreement,
174
–
75

supporting rebels,
94
,
95
,
152
,
232
–
33

treatment of Kurds,
173
,
176

Turki, Mansour al-,
232

Turkmani, Hassan,
154

Twain, Mark,
203

“two-state solution,”
71
–
72
,
204

author supporting,
192

UAR.
See
United Arab Republic

Uganda intervening in Congo,
13

Uganda plan for a proposed Zionist settlement,
34

Ukraine, orange revolution in,
229

UNHCR.
See
United Nations, High Commission for Refugees

United Arab Emirates,
210

United Arab Republic (UAR),
61
,
247

United Kingdom.
See
Britain

United Nations

High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR),
137

International Atomic Energy Agency,
157

and Israel

vote to create Arab and Jewish states in Palestine,
59

Lebanon and Syria joining in 1945,
57

Obama speech to UN in 2013,
217
,
218

Office for Human Rights,
88

Responsibility to Protect doctrine,
14

how might be used in Syria,
225
–
26

Security Council,
225

Resolution 242 (calling for return of Golan),
202
,
247

Resolution 497 (calling for return of all Israeli captured lands),
202

vote on no-fly zone to protect civilians in Benghazi in 2011,
226
,
229

on Syria,
139
,
141
–
42

human-rights commission on Syria,
136
,
255

investigations of chemical warfare,
101
,
106
–
107
,
110
–
11

Russian threat to veto any resolutions critical of Syria,
229
–
30

Security Council proposed peace plan,
163
,
251
–
52

Security Council resolutions on vetoed,
251
,
255

sending observer missions,
22

UN Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria,
107

United States

advancing business interests over human rights,
217
–
18
,
221

American exceptionalism, myth of,
217
–
18

bombing of US barracks in Beirut in 1983,
69
,
148

chemical weapons in Middle East,
211

entering into empire building in 1898,
46
–
47

equating Islam with extremism and terrorism,
91

interests in the Middle East after World War I

importance of oil,
55

King-Crane Commission,
44
–
46

invasion of Iraq in 2003,
78
,
249

supposed to spread democracy,
79

and Iran

calling for regime change in,
162

Iran agreeing to freeze nuclear-enrichment program,
161
–
62

Iran's opposition to US,
146
,
149
,
152

pro-US government of the Shah,
157
,
191

rejecting Iran's participation in Syrian peace talks,
165

seeing Iran as major threat to US,
157
–
58

US embassy takeover in 1979,
156

US sanctions against,
157
–
61

and Israel

AIPAC and Israel lobby influence on US policy in Syria,
200
–
202

Arab countries use of oil embargo against US for support of,
66

as largest producer of petroleum before World War I,
28

myths on how foreign policy and secret intelligence is done,
216

Suez Canal intervention,
61

supporting military coup over Morsi in Egypt,
234

and Syria,
213
–
25

changes in exchange rate after 2011,
124

sending helicopters into Syrian territory,
78

Syria's opposition to US,
146
,
149
,
152

and Syrian Civil War,
12

and rebels,
17
,
84
,
85
,
94
,
96
,
114
,
119
,
139
,
143
,
152
,
221
,
222
–
23
,
233
,
254

and regime change,
79
,
219
–
20

sanctions against by West,
215

shifting policy of US during the uprising,
18
,
112
–
15
,
220
–
24
,
233

views in US,
223
–
24

terrorist organizations (according to US State Department),
97
,
98
,
174
,
240
,
252

twisting facts on war on terrorism,
140

US embassy in Damascus attacked in 2006,
249

and Vietnam War,
191
,
221

“Unity, liberty, socialism” (slogan of Baath Party),
60

University of Haifa poll,
211

van Buren, Peter,
215

Vatanka, Alex,
150

Versailles, Treaty of (1919),
43
,
47

Vichy government,
55
–
56
,
246

Vietnam War,
191
,
221

VX, US holdings of,
115

Wall Street Journal
(newspaper),
103
,
155
,
222

Washington Institute,
230

Washington Post
(newspaper),
158

Weizmann, Chaim,
33
–
34
,
35
,
37

Weizmann-Faisal agreement,
43
–
44

West Bank,
72
,
196
,
201
,
209
,
210
–
11
,
242

author's report from,
201
,
204
–
207

Israel seizing,
62
,
192
,
247

Jordan controlling under Hashemites,
44

Wilgenburg, Wladimir van,
184

Wilson, Jeremy,
42

Wilson, Woodrow,
34
,
44
,
47

With Lawrence in Arabia
(Thomas),
41

Woodrow Wilson Center,
159

World Bank,
128
,
129

WorldNetDaily
(website),
108

World Policy Conference,
197

World War I (1914–1918)

French and British competing for postwar control of Middle East,
30
–
33
,
36
–
37
,
39
–
57
,
169
,
217

key dates in,
245

Ottomans siding with Germany and Austria-Hungary,
25

Paris Peace Conference,
37
,
43

T. E. Lawrence in,
23
–
24
,
26
–
27

Versailles, Treaty of (1919),
43
,
47