Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect (39 page)

Beirut-Damascus Declaration,
77

Beka Valley, Lebanon,
148
,
174

Ben Ali, Zine el Abidine,
11
,
81
,
250

Benghazi, Libya,
226
,
229

Beshank, Oum,
187

bin Laden, Osama,
232
,
239

Bioredda, Miral,
88
,
93

Bitar, Salah-al-Din al-,
246

Bogart, Humphrey,
56

border security,
124
,
204
–
206

Bosnia, 1875 rebellion against Ottomans,
25

Bouazizi, Mohammed,
81
,
83
,
250

BP.
See
British Petroleum

BP (company),
218

Brahimi, Lakhdar,
12
,
255

Britain (United Kingdom)

and the creation of the State of Israel,
33
–
38
,
59
–
60

efforts to control Middle East,
25
–
29
,
26
,
47
,
49
,
54
,
55
,
56
,
245
,
246

King-Crane Commission,
44
–
46

use of World War I to divvy up,
30
–
33
,
38
,
42
–
44

and Syria,
113
,
139

British Museum,
23

British Petroleum (BP),
28

Brown Moses Blog
,
105

Buchanan, Pat,
223

Bulgaria, 1876 rebellion against Ottomans,
25

Buraidah, Saudi Arabia,
231

Burhan, Fadi,
153
–
54

Bush, George H. W.,
71

Bush, George W.,
75
,
114
,
148
,
177

Caix, Robert de,
49
–
50

Caliphs' Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire, The
(Sykes),
30
–
31

“Can Med,”
183

Capital Cities Broadcasting,
42

car bomb, first use of,
91

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
92

Casablanca
(film),
55
–
56

Catholic Church,
133
,
137
,
138
,
243

Cato Institute,
223

CBS (radio broadcasts),
42

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US),
105

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (US),
216
,
252

accused of being behind Arab Spring,
195

assisting in capture of Ocalan,
175

and coup against Mosaddegh in Iran in 1953,
145

work in Syria,
85
,
95
,
108
,
114
,
119
,
216
,
217
,
221
,
222
,
252

and the Free Syrian Army,
17
,
94
,
198
,
214

training rebels in Jordan,
17
,
198
,
235

CFP.
See
Compagnie Française des Pétroles

Chase, Harry,
39

checkpoints, security.
See
security checkpoints

chemical weapons,
156

chlorine gas used in 2014 against Kafr Zeta,
255

mustard gas,
108
,
109
,
115

phosphorus weapons used by Israel in Gaza Strip,
211

Russian plan on Syria's chemical weapons,
13
,
115
,
254

sarin gas,
108
,
136
,
254

in Al Ghouta (2013),
101
–
105
,
109
,
110
–
12
,
113
–
14
,
121

Iraq's use of during Iran-Iraq War,
105

in Jobar (2013),
110

on Khan Al Asal (2013),
106
–
107
,
109
,
114
,
253

possible attack on Syrian Army checkpoint,
109
–
110

possible attack on US Air Force base,
107

VX,
115

Chemical Weapons Convention,
13
,
115

Chevron (company),
218

China,
25
,
229
,
251
,
255

Chivers, C. J.,
102

Chomsky, Noam,
11
–
14
,
225

Christians,
29
,
53
,
243
,
246

and Syria,
18
,
69
,
132
–
38
,
186

supporting Assad,
123
,
125
,
137
,
139
,
152

violence in the name of Christianity in US,
91

See also
Catholic Church; Coptic Christians; Maronite Christians; Orthodox Church

Christian Science Monitor
(newspaper),
228
,
229

Churchill, Winston,
27
–
28
,
56

CIA.
See
Central Intelligence Agency

Clemenceau, Georges,
48

Clinton, Hillary,
214

CNN (TV network),
97
,
208

Commission of the Revolution's Shields (militia),
241
,
252

Committee on Reconciliation,
154

Communists in Syria,
61

Compagnie Française des Pétroles [French Petroleum Company] (CFP),
29
–
30

Congo as example of atrocities committed,
13

Constitutions

Iranian,
145

Lebanese,
56
,
57

Syrian,
72
,
74
,
75
,
83
,
134
,
135
,
170
,
179
,
181
,
251

Tunisian,
82

Coptic Christians,
92

Crane, Charles R.,
45

crony capitalism in Syria,
128
–
30

Dall'Oglio, Paolo,
117
–
18

Damascus, Syria,
47
,
67
,
69
–
70
,
75
,
125
,
132
–
33
,
155
,
219
,
243

attacks on US embassy in,
219
,
249
,
251

author in,
73
,
84
–
85
,
89
,
106
,
120
,
125
,
131
,
142
,
209

under Bashar al-Assad's control,
101
,
102
,
104

bombing of

by government,
136

by rebels,
91
,
124
,
125
,
136
,
251
,
252

changes in after 2011,
123
,
125
,
131

and French,
48
,
49
,
50
,
52
,
53
,
57
,
245
,
246

Hamas in,
150
,
209

Israeli jets attack in 2013,
253

and Kurds,
169
,
174
,
179
–
80
,
183

opposition activists in,
15
,
21
,
83
,
86
,
89
,
95
,
120
,
121
,
123
,
240
,
250
–
51

security checkpoints in,
19
,
154
,
252

at time of T. E. Lawrence,
27
,
37
,
38
,
42
,
51
,
245

“Damascus Spring,”
74

Daraa, Syria,
22
,
82
–
83
,
84
–
85
,
180
,
250

Darwish, Issam,
137

Defense Department (US),
221
,
222

de Gaulle, Charles,
56
,
246

Deir Ezzor, Syria,
177

del Ponte, Carla,
107
,
136

Democratic Union Party.
See
Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat

Dempsy, Martin E.,
221

Dieb, Feras,
126

Dieb, Mahmood,
127

Dieb, Shafika,
127

Dieb, Wafaa,
127

Doctors Without Borders,
103

Donilon, Tom,
219

Druze,
25
,
53
,
65
,
69
,
96
,
123
,
134
,
193
,
243

and the French,
50
–
52
,
246

supporting Assad,
123
,
194
–
95
,
204
,
243

Ebrahim, Alaa,
141
,
142
–
43

Egypt

invasion of by Israel, France, and Britain in 1956,
61

overthrow of Morsi (and Muslim Brotherhood) in 2013,
11
,
138
,
207
,
209
,
234

overthrow of Mubarak in 2011,
11
,
16
,
82
,
207
,
234
,
250

peace treaty with Israel in 1979,
66

removing ambassadors from Qatar,
234

in “Six Day War” with Israel (June 1967),
192

and United Arab Republic with Syria,
61
,
247

elections in Syria,
15
,
21
,
85
,
138
,
151
,
163
,
164
,
180
,
246
,
255

Baathists as only legal party,
74
,
75
,
83
,
251

desire to have opposition parties,
21
,
73
–
74
,
82
,
83

Iranian government encouraging Assad to hold,
151

Kurds promising in three autonomous provinces,
185

in May 2012,
252

El-Hindy, Elie,
38
,
49
,
53
–
54
,
55
,
64
–
65
,
138

El-Zaza, Ziad,
208
–
209

Ennahda Party (in Tunisia),
81
–
82

Erbil, Syria,
131
,
183

Erdogan, Recep,
138

Europe, claims that demonstrators in Syria backed by,
84

Evans, Gareth,
14

“extraordinary rendition,”
75

Exxon/Mobil (company),
218

Facebook,
17
,
82
,
86
,
180

legalized in Syria,
250

use of in Egypt and Tunisia during Arab Spring,
16

Faddul, Simon,
133
,
138

Faisal (king of Syria and later Iraq),
25
,
43
–
44
,
50
,
51

and the French,
48
,
49
,
55

as king of Hedjaz (Syria),
43
,
47

as king of Iraq,
55

relations with Britain and US,
37
,
42
,
43

See also
Hashemite family

Fallujah, Iraq,
99

Fantappie, Maria,
185

Farho, Mohammad,
181

Farouq Brigades,
253

Fatah, al- (Palestinian party),
206
,
209
,
211
,
242
.
See also
Palestine Liberation Organization

“Fatah Uprising” (group challenging Arafat),
67

Father Paolo.
See
Dall'Oglio, Paolo

fatwa
[religious decree],
231

Fighting Vanguard,
70

Fisk, Robert,
104
–
105

Ford, Robert,
250
–
51

foreign organizations in Syria.
See specific names, i.e.
, Hamas, Hezbollah,
etc
.

Foreign Policy
(magazine),
119

For Those Who Yearn to Be Free
(graffiti slogan),
81

Foxman, Abraham,
200

France

efforts to control Middle East,
25
,
26
,
29
–
30
,
47
,
48
–
50
,
54
,
56
–
57
,
245
,
246

importance of oil,
55

sowing religious divisions to control,
50
,
133

use of World War I to divvy up,
30
–
33
,
38
,
42
–
44

French Mandate (1920–1946),
57
,
127
,
170
,
245
–
46