Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect (38 page)

30
. Thomas L. Friedman, “This Ain't Yogurt,”
New York Times
, May 5, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/opinion/sunday/friedman-this-aint-yogurt.html
.

31
. Danny Postel and Nader Hashemi, “Use Force to Save Starving Syrians,”
New York Times
, February 10, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/11/opinion/use-force-to-save-starving-syrians.html
.

32
. Danny Postel, “Syria, Russia, and What Can Be Done: Some Questions for Bob Dreyfuss,”
Nation
, February 24, 2014,
http://www.thenation.com/article/178517/syria-russia-and-what-can-be-done-some-questions-bob-dreyfuss
.

33
. “Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary' Measures to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions,” UN Security Council, March 17, 2011,
https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm
.

34
. Reese Erlich, “Militias Become Power Centers in Libya,”
Progressive
, September 2012,
http://www.progressive.org/libya_militias.html
.

35
. Stephen Zunes, “Despite Horrific Repression, the U.S. Should Stay out of Syria,” Foreign Policy in Focus, May 15, 2013,
http://fpif.org/despite_horrific_repression_the_us_should_stay_out_of_syria/
.

36
. “War in Syria,” American Friends Service Committee, May 10, 2013,
http://www.afsc.org/story/war-syria
.

37
. Friends for a NonViolent World homepage:
http://www.fnvw.org/index.asp?SEC=F2DC5E79-EB52-4C39-BA7A-A80ACCF39803&Type=B_BASIC
.

38
. Michael R. Gordon, David E. Sanger, and Eric Schmitt, “Russia Scolded as US Weighs Syria Options,”
New York Times
, February 17, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/18/world/middleeast/russia-is-scolded-as-us-weighs-syria-options.html
.

39
. Nicholas Blanford and Fred Weir, “Why Russia Is Blocking International Action against Syria,”
Christian Science Monitor
, September 19, 2011,
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0919/Why-Russia-is-blocking-international-action-against-Syria
.

40
. Howard Amos, “Billions of Dollars of Russian Business Suffers along with Syria,”
Moscow Times
, September 2, 2011,
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/billions-of-dollars-of-russian-business-suffers-along-with-syria/443078.html
.

41
. Fred Weir, “Why Russia Is Willing to Sell Arms to Syria,”
Christian Science Monitor
, January 19, 2012,
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/0119/Why-Russia-is-willing-to-sell-arms-to-Syria
.

42
. Ibid.

43
. Russian diplomat, interview with the author, November 2013.

44
. Blanford and Weir, “Why Russia Is Blocking International Action against Syria.”

45
. Aaron Zelin, phone interview with the author, March 11, 2013.

46
. Mohammad Fahd al-Qahtani, interview with the author, Riyadh, February 2, 2013.

47
. “Saudi Arabia Punishes Two Activists for Voicing Opinion,” Amnesty International, March 11, 2013,
https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-punishes-two-activists-voicing-opinion-2013-03-11
.

48
. Ben Gilbert, “Saudi Arabia Walks a Fine Line in Backing Syrian Rebellion,”
Al Jazeera America
, January 20, 2014,
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/20/saudi-arabia-walksafinelinkinbackingsyriarebellion.html
.

49
. Abdurrahman al-Talq, interview with the author, Saudi Arabia, February 3, 2013.

50
. Mansour al-Turki, interview with the author, February 5, 2013.

51
. Randa Slim, phone interview with the author, Washington, DC, March 11, 2013.

52
. Qahtani, interview with the author.

53
. Eric Schmitt, “CIA Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Rebels,”
New York Times
, June 21, 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/world/middleeast/cia-said-to-aid-in-steering-arms-to-syrian-rebels.html
.

54
. Vali R. Nasr, “Islamic Comrades No More,”
New York Times
, October 28, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/opinion/international/nasr-islamic-comrades-no-more.html
.

55
. “Saudi Arabia Designates Muslim Brotherhood as Terrorist Group,”
Reuters
, March 7, 2014,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/07/us-saudi-security-idUSBREA260SM20140307
.

56
. Reese Erlich, “Do Lebanon's Taif Accords Offer Lessons for Syrian Peace?”
Global Post
, August 2, 2013,
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/lebanon/130801/syria-peace-lebanon-taif-accords
.

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———.
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———.
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———.
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———.
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———. Introduction to
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.

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Pages in
italic
indicate subject was interviewed.

Abbas,
161

ABC (network),
42

Abdi, Assad,
156

“Abdi, Yusuf,”
158

Abdullah I (king of Jordan),
24
,
44
.
See also
Hashemite family

Aboud, Hassan,
96

Abourezk, Jim,
20
,
64

Abrahams, Floyd,
186

Abu Awad, Ali,
195

Abu Jaafar,
141

Abu Musa.
See
Maragha, Said Musa

Abu Sakkar,
253

Acre, Palestine,
31

Adana, Turkey,
107

Adana Agreement,
174
–
75

Adra, massacre of civilians by Syrian opposition groups,
96

Afghanistan,
18
,
127
,
146
,
148
,
162
,
217
,
221
,
232

Aflaq, Michael,
60
,
61
,
246

Afrin, Syria,
186
–
87

Agassi, Mahmoud al-,
79

Agence France Presse,
87
–
88

Aghdam, Ghader Daemi,
159

Ahmad, Najm al-,
109
,
111

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud,
145
,
151
,
160
,
163

Ahme, Nasradeen,
88

Ahrar al-Sham [Islamic Movement of the Free Men of the Levant],
96
,
98
,
117
,
230
,
233
,
239

Ahrar Syria [Free People of Syria],
17
–
18

AIPAC.
See
American Israel Public Affairs Committee

Air Force (US),
107
,
220

Ajami, Maryam,
194

Al Arabiya
(TV network),
85

al-Askari mosque,
153

Alawites,
11
–
12
,
55
,
69
,
151
–
52
,
243
,
246

and Bashar al-Assad,
18
,
83
,
123
,
125
,
127
–
28
,
139

and Hafez al-Assad,
64
,
126

and Iran,
152
,
155

killing of,
96
,
117
,
119
,
223

use of discord with other faiths to control,
50
,
53
,
65

Aldington, Richard,
41

Aleppo, Syria,
96
–
97
,
98
,
99
,
183

Aleppo Airport,
109

Aleppo Artillery School,
70

Al Ghouta, Syria, sarin-gas use,
101
–
105
,
109
–
112
,
113
–
14
,
121
,
254

Al Hasakah, Syria,
88
,
130

Ali, Mohammad,
63

al-Islam.
See
Jaysh al-Islam

Al Jazeera
(TV network),
85
,
184
,
233
–
34

Allenby, Edmund,
37

Allisa, Bisher,
53

Alloush, Mohammad,
95

Alloush, Zahran,
95
–
96
,
240

Al-Nusra Front.
See
Jabhat al-Nusra

al-Qaeda,
96
,
109
,
184
,
197
,
232
,
239
,
252

affiliates.
See
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham; Jabhat al-Nusra

cutting ties with ISIS,
99
,
254

al-Qaeda in Iraq.
See
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham

Al-Sham.
See
Ahrar al-Sham

Al-Sukariya, Syria,
78
,
249

al-Tawheed (rebel group),
254

Amal Movement,
148
,
149

American Enterprise Institute,
222

American Friends Service Committee,
227

American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC),
162
,
200
–
202

Americans for Peace Now,
201

Annan, Kofi,
251
–
52

Antakya, Turkey, Syrian Muslim insurgents in,
16
–
17
,
88

Arab Baath Party (in Syria).
See
Baathist Party in Syria

Arab Bureau (British),
30

Arab-Israeli wars

Arab-Israeli war of 1948,
59
,
65
,
247

Israeli attacks/invasions

attacks on Syria,
198
–
99

invasions of Lebanon,
67
,
68
,
148
,
149
,
199
,
248

three-week assault on Gaza Strip in 2008,
203

“Six Day War” (June 1967),
18
,
62
–
63
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
191
–
92
,
193
,
194
,
202
,
203
,
247

“Yom Kippur War” (1973),
63
,
65
,
66
,
247
–
48

Arab League,
22
,
59
,
68
,
113
,
248
,
251
,
255

Arab nationalism,
25
,
48
,
49
,
51
,
52
,
54
,
60
,
65
,
79
,
233
.
See also
pan-Arabism

“Arab Revolt Flag,”
31

“Arab-socialism” in Syria,
128

Arab Socialist Baath Party (in Palestine),
211

Arab Spring,
11
,
21
–
22
,
81
–
82
,
146
,
150
,
151
,
179
–
80
,
195
,
196
–
97
,
203
,
206
–
207
,
211
,
234

Assad claiming couldn't happen in Syria,
15
–
16
,
82

key dates during,
250

Arafat, Yasser,
66
,
67
,
206
,
242
,
248

Arar, Maher,
75

Armenia, 1892–1893 rebellion against Ottomans,
25

Armenian Orthodox Church,
125
,
133
,
135
–
36

Armour (company),
39
,
42

Army of Islam.
See
Jaysh al-Islam

Ashrawi, Hannan,
205
–
207
,
235

Ash-Sheikh, Abdul Aziz ibn Abdullah al,
231
–
32

Ashti Hotel,
173

Asnarshari, Khodadad,
159

Asquith, Herbert,
31

Assad, Bashar al-,
18
,
64
,
82
,
149
,
249

author meeting with,
19
–
21
,
74
,
76
,
77

believing Syria to be stable politically,
79
–
80

coming to power in 2000,
128

constitutional amendment to allow as president,
72

early reforms of,
72
–
73
,
74
,
87

and Golan negotiations,
203
,
204

human-rights record,
215

seeing US as enemy,
74
–
75
,
77

supporting military coup over Morsi in Egypt,
234

use of discord to manipulate religious groups,
53

winning presidential election May 2014,
255

See also
Syria; Syrian Civil War

Assad, Basil al-,
20
,
249

Assad, Hafez al-,
65
,
70
–
71
,
133
,
135
,
147
,
149
,
228
,
247

assassination attempt in 1980,
70
,
248

death of in 2000,
64
,
72
,
249

and Israel,
66
,
72

and Kurds,
171
–
72

and the Palestinian cause,
65
–
67
,
206

signing Adana Agreement with Turkey,
174
–
75

statues of in Tartus,
125
–
26

use of military coup to assume power in 1970,
20
,
64

Assad, Rifat al-,
71

Associated Press,
103

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal,
49
,
169

Atrash, Sultan Pasha al-,
50
–
52
,
54
,
194

Auda Abu Tayi.
See
Tayi, Auda Abu

Awidat, Hamad,
195
–
96

“axis of evil,”
148

Baathist Party in Iraq,
147
,
172

Baathist Party in Palestine (Arab Socialist Baath Party),
211

Baathist Party in Syria (Baath Socialist Party),
60
–
62
,
64
,
65
,
74
,
79
,
84
,
123
,
128
–
29
,
133
,
135
,
151
,
171
,
181
,
184
,
228
,
251

founding of,
60
,
133
,
246

and Iraqi Baathists,
147
,
172

military coups

in 1963,
61
,
83
,
171
,
247

in 1966,
61
,
64
,
247

in 1970,
61
,
126

and Muslim Brotherhood,
69
,
70
–
71

as only legal political party under Constitution,
74
,
75
,
83
,
251

and UAR,
61
,
247

Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-,
98
–
99
,
240

Bahrain,
82
,
164
,
215
,
234

Bakdouness, Ahmad,
15
,
86
,
120
,
220

Balfour, Arthur, and Balfour Declaration,
35
–
36
,
37
,
43
,
245

Balo, Barkhodan,
167
–
68
,
177

Bandow, Doug,
222
–
23

Baniyas district, Syria,
253

Banna, Hassan al-,
54
–
55

Banyas, Syria,
83

Barak, Ehud,
197

Barakat, Bassam,
106

Barakat, Mudar,
29
,
49
,
109
,
111
,
123
,
130

Bardaweel, Salah,
211

Barghouti, Mustafa,
201
,
206
–
207
,
211
,
212

Barzani, Masoud,
170
,
183
,
188
,
242

Barzani, Mustafa,
170

“Bashar,”
89
–
90
,
93

Basheer, Nawaf al-,
75
,
76
–
77
,
79

Bashir, Abdul-Ilah al-,
119

basiji
(armed thugs),
141
,
146

Batsanov, Sergey,
107

Bayanouni, Ali Sadreddine al-,
92

Bayda, Syria,
141
–
42

Bedouins settled into Kurdish territory,
171

Beirut, Lebanon,
67
,
68
,
75
,
76
,
77
,
148
,
249

bombing of US barracks in 1983,
69
,
148

French in,
29
–
30
,
31
,
48
,
57