Independence (80 page)

72
. JA to Tudor, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:59.

CHAPTER 7: “THE KING WILL PRODUCE THE GRANDEST REVOLUTION”: GEORGE III AND THE AMERICAN REBELLION

1
. Troy Bickham,
Making Headlines: The American Revolution as Seen Through the British Press
(DeKalb, Ill., 2009), 72.

2
. Peter D. G. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773–1776
(Oxford, 1991), 234; Fred Junkin Hinkhouse,
The Preliminaries of the American Revolution as Seen in the English Press, 1763–1775
(reprint, New York, 1969), 185.

3
. Gage to Barrington, April 22, 1775, in Clarence E. Carter, ed.,
The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State, and the War Office and the Treasury, 1763–1775
(reprint, New York, 1969), 2:674; Gage to Dartmouth, April 22, 1775, ibid., 1:396.

4
. Cadwallader Colden to Dartmouth, May 3, 1775,
DAR
7:317.

5
. Gage to Dartmouth, October 20, 1775, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 1:416. Sandwich is quoted in Alan Valentine,
Lord North
(Norman, Okla., 1967), 1:368. Gibbon is quoted in Piers Mackesy,
The War for America, 1775–1783
(Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 38. The secretary at war and the army’s adjutant general expressed reservations about the ability of the British army to win the war without considerable naval assistance, with the latter remarking that “attempting to Conquer A[merica] Internally by our L[an]d Force, is as wild an Idea, as ever controverted Comn. Sense.” The quote can be found in Stephen Conway, “British Governments and the Conduct of the American War,” in H. T. Dickinson, ed.,
Britain and the American Revolution
(London, 1998), 159.

6
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 238–41; B. D. Bargar,
Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution
(Columbia, S.C., 1965), 170; Dartmouth to Governor Earl of Dunmore, July 5, 1775,
DAR
10:24; Dartmouth to Carleton, July 24, 1775, ibid., 10:42; Dartmouth to Guy Johnson, July 24, 1775, ibid., 11:56.

7
. Louis Birnbaum,
Red Dawn at Lexington
(Boston, 1986), 273–74; Joseph Reed to James Otis Sr., August 14, 1775,
PGWR
1:307n; Hancock to GW, June 28, 1775, ibid., 1:42–43; GW to Schuyler, August 20, 1775, ibid., 1:332. In October 1775 General Washington finally spurned the offer of the Stockbridge Indians to provide service, telling them that “they would be called when wanted.” See Committee of Conference Minutes of Proceedings, October 23–24, 1775,
LDC
2:236.

8
. Mackesy,
War for America
, 524–25; Edward E. Curtis,
The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 1926), 3.

9
. Quoted in Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 254.

10
. North to George III, July 26, 1775, in Sir John Fortescue, ed.,
The Correspondence of George III from 1760 to December 1783
(London, 1927–28), 3:234; Valentine,
Lord North
, 376–77.

11
. Valentine,
Lord North
, 378–79.

12
. Stephen Conway,
The War of American Independence, 1775–1783
(London, 1995), 44.

13
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 254–56.

14
. Carleton to Dartmouth, June 7, 1775,
DAR
9:157–59.

15
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 259–65.

16
. Gage to Barrington, July 18, September 25, November 2, 15, December 14, 1774, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 2:649, 654, 659, 661, 663.

17
. Dartmouth to Gage, August 2, 1775, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 1:203.

18
. Bargar,
Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution
, 176–81; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:389–95, 407–8. The quote can be found in Valentine’s biography of North, page 395.

19
. Mackesy,
War for America
, 50.

20
. Alan Valentine,
Lord George Germain
(Oxford, 1962), 1–94; Gerald Saxon Brown,
The American Secretary: The Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain, 1775–1778
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1963), 1–25;
PH
17:1196, 1312.

21
.
PH
17:1162, 1196, 1312–13.

22
.
PH
18:990; Brown,
American Secretary
, 25–30; Valentine,
Lord George Germain
, 93–100.

23
. Valentine,
Lord George Germain
, 96; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:403.

24
. George III to North, July 5, 26, 1775, in Fortescue,
Correspondence of George III
, 3:233, 235.

25
. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence
, 260–63; Jeremy Black,
George III: America’s Last King
(New Haven, Conn., 2006), 215–22.

26
. Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, August 23, 1775,
EHD
9:850–51.

27
. Gage to Dartmouth, August 20, 1775, in Carter,
Correspondence of General Thomas Gage
, 1:413–14; Dartmouth to Howe, September 5, 1775,
DAR
11:99, 100. The Germain quote can be found in Ira D. Gruber,
The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution
(New York, 1972), 27.

28
. Quoted in Allen French,
The First Year of the American Revolution
(Boston, 1934), 323–24.

29
. David McCullough,
1776
(New York, 2005), 3–10.

30
. The King’s Speech to Parliament, October 26, 1775,
EHD
9:851–52.

31
. Roger Sherman to William Williams, July 28, 1775,
LDC
1:675; Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, July 28, 1775, ibid., 1:674; Connecticut Delegates to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., July 28, 1775, ibid., 1:672.

32
. Jack N. Rakove,
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
(Baltimore, Md., 1979), 79.

33
.
PJA
3:9n, 117–18n; BF to Schuyler, August 8, 10, 1775,
PBF
22:159, 160; New York Provincial Congress to Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, August 16, 19, 1775, ibid., 22:172, 177; BF to Deane, August 27, 1775, ibid., 22:184; BF to Hartley, September 12, 1775, ibid., 22:196; Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and His Time
(Boston, 1948–81), 1:208–9; Duane to Schuyler, August 4, 1775,
LDC
1:696; Duane to Jonathan Trumbull, August 4, 1775, ibid., 1:697; Deane to Schuyler, August 20, 1775, ibid., 1:704; Chase to Schuyler, August 10, 1775, ibid., 1:700; Ward to BF, August 12, 1775, ibid., 1:701.

34
. JA to Warren, September 17, 1775,
PJA
3:158–59; SA to Gerry, September 26, 1775, ibid., 3:160n.

35
. Richard Smith, Diary, September 12, 18, 21, 23, 1775,
LDC
2:5, 29, 42, 48; Samuel Ward, Diary, September 15, 18, 20, 21, 1775, ibid., 2:29, 39, 42; JA, Diary, September 21, 22, 24, 1775,
DAJA
2:177, 178–79, 184.

36
. William Hooper to Samuel Johnson, May 23, 1775,
LDC
1:398.

37
. JA, Diary, September 16, 1775,
DAJA
2:173.

38
. Harrison to GW, July 21, 1775,
PGWR
1:145.

39
. JA to AA, December 3, 1775,
AFC
1:332. Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnston, December 1, 1775,
LDC
2:421. On JA’s relations with Cushing and Paine, see
AFC
1:333n.

40
. Deane to Elizabeth Deane, October 7, 1775,
LDC
2:138; Josiah Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, October 25, 1775, ibid., 2:252; Ward to Deborah Ward, November 1, 1775, ibid., 2:285; Duane to Cornelius Duane, December 9, 1775, ibid., 2:464; BF to Shipley, September 13, 1775,
PBF
22:200.

41
. BF to Hartley, October 3, 1775,
PBF
22:216–17; BF to William Strahan, October 3, 1775, ibid., 22:219; BF to Joseph Priestley, October 3, 1775, ibid., 22:218; BF to a Friend in London, October 3, 1775, ibid., 22:215–16.

42
. Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, November 6, 1775,
LDC
2:306–7; Ward to Mary Ward, October 19, 1775, ibid., 2:211; SA to Elizabeth Adams, November 7, 1775, ibid., 2:313.

43
. Ward to Deborah Ward, October 12, November 1, 1775,
LDC
2:172, 283–84; JA to AA, July 16, 1776, AFC 2:50; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 175.

44
. Francis Lewis to John Alsop, November 19, 1775,
LDC
2:361; Jay to Sarah Jay, December 23, 1775, ibid., 2:514.

45
. GW to Hancock, September 21, 1775,
PGWR
2:26. With his letter to Congress, GW enclosed a petition from the subalterns concerning a pay increase. See Committee of Second Lieutenants to GW, September 21, 1775, ibid., 2:32–33.

46
. Jerrilyn Greene Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 158–64.

47
. GW to Hancock, September 21, 1775,
PGWR
2:26.

48
. JA to Warren, October 1, 1775,
PJA
3:177.

49
. Ward to Henry Ward, September 30, 1775,
LDC
2:84.

50
. See the helpful pay table in Marston,
King and Congress
, 160–61.

51
. Committee of Conference Minutes of Proceedings, October 23–24, 1775,
LDC
2:233–38.

52
. Ward to Henry Ward, November 21, 1775,
LDC
2:370; GW to Joseph Reed, November 28, 1775,
PGWR
2:449; GW to Hancock, December 18, 1775, ibid., 2:574; John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 78–80; John Ferling,
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
(New York, 2009), 97–98; Charles Lesser,
The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army
(Chicago, 1976), 8.

53
. Hancock to Massachusetts Assembly, December 2, 1775,
LDC
2:422; Hancock to Jonathan Trumbull, December 2, 1775, ibid., 2:423; Samuel Ward, Diary, October 9, 12, 1775, ibid., 155, 172; Ward to Henry Ward, December 2, 14, 1775, ibid., 2:429, 487;
JCC
3:340, 393, 408, 448; GW to Hancock, December 4, 18, 25, 31, 1775,
PGWR
2:484–85, 574, 602, 625; GW to Massachusetts Council, January 10, 1776, ibid., 3:61; GW to Reed, January 4, 14, 1776, ibid., 3:24, 89; Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington
(New York, 1948–57), 3:579; Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 80, 193. Samuel Adams is quoted in James T. Flexner,
George Washington: The Forge of Experience, 1732–1775
(Boston, 1965), 67. John Adams is quoted in Don Higginbotham,
The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789
(New York, 1971), 390.