Independence (78 page)

40
. Carl F. Kaestle, “The Public Reaction to John Dickinson’s ‘Farmer’s Letters,’ ”
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
78 (1968): 323–59. The quotations are from Flower,
John Dickinson
, pages 67 and 70.

41
. John Dickinson, “A Song for American Freedom,” July 1768, in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:425.

42
. [John Dickinson],
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies
(Philadelphia, 1768), in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:406. The quotations can be found on pages 312, 328, 348, 364, 386, 397, 400, and 404.

43
. Flower,
John Dickinson
, 76–99. On Josiah Quincy’s comments on Fairhill, see “Journal of Josiah Quincy, January 1773,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
49 (1916): 473.

44
. John Dickinson, Two Letters on the Tea Tax, November 1773, in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:457–63. The quotes are on pages 461 and 462.

45
. John Dickinson, “Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies” (May 1774), in Ford,
Writings of John Dickinson
, 1:469–501. The quotes are on pages 498–99.

46
. Dickinson to Quincy, October 28, 1774,
LDC
1:251; Dickinson to Arthur Lee, April 29, 1775, ibid., 1:331–32.

47
. Dickinson to Arthur Lee, April 29, 1775,
LDC
1:331–32; Dickinson to Josiah Quincy Jr., October 28, 1774, ibid., 1:251; Dickinson to Cushing, December 11, 1774, ibid., 1:264; Dickinson to Samuel Ward, January 29, 1775, ibid., 1:303; John Dickinson, “Notes for a Speech in Congress,” [May 23–25?], 1775, ibid., 1:379.

48
. Quoted in Flower,
John Dickinson
, 66.

49
. The preceding paragraphs on Dickinson’s speech draw on his “Notes for a Speech in Congress,” [May 23–25?], 1775,
LDC
1:371–82.

50
. Samuel Ward, Diary, May 15, 1775,
LDC
1:351; Silas Deane, Diary, May 16, 1775, ibid., 1:351;
JCC
2:53.

51
. Silas Deane, Diary, May 16, 1775,
LDC
1:352.

52
. JA to Warren, May 21, 1775,
PJA
3:11.

53
. Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York, 1968), 605–6.

54
. James Kirby Martin,
Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered
(New York, 1997), 60–72; Willard Sterne Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor
(New York, 1990), 92–108; John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 38–39.

55
. Connecticut Delegates to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., May 31, 1775,
LDC
1:422–23; Connecticut Delegates to William Williams, May 31, 1775, ibid., 1:423; Hancock to the New York Provincial Congress, June 1, 1775, ibid., 1:429;
JCC
2:64–65, 73–75.

56
. Silas Deane, Diary, May 23, 1775,
LDC
1:371.

57
. Dickinson, “Notes for a Speech in Congress,” [May 23–25], 1775,
LDC
1:371–82, 386–90; John Dickinson’s Notes of Debates, May 23–25, 1775, ibid., 1:390–91; John Dickinson’s Proposed Resolutions, [May 23–25], 1775, ibid., 1:383–86.

58
. Dickinson’s Notes of Debates, [May 23–25], 1775,
LDC
1:390; JA to James Warren, July 24, 1775,
PJA
3:89; JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:314.

59
. Silas Deane, Diary, May 23, 24, 1775,
LDC
1:371, 401.

60
.
JCC
2:64–66.

CHAPTER 6: “PROGRESS MUST BE SLOW”: JOHN ADAMS AND THE POLITICS OF A DIVIDED CONGRESS

1
. JA to AA, July 23, 1775,
AFC
1:253.

2
. JA to Warren, September 30, 1775,
PJA
3:3:172; William Bradford to James Madison, June 2, 1775, in William T. Hutchinson, William M. E. Rachal, et al., eds.,
The Papers of James Madison
(Chicago, 1962–91), 1:149. SA and Lee are quoted in Gordon S. Wood,
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
(New York, 2004), 156.

3
. BF to Jonathan Shipley, July 7, 1775,
PBF
22:96; BF to Joseph Priestley, May 16, 1775, ibid., 22:44; BF to Burke, May 15, 1775, ibid., 22:41.

4
. BF to Hartley, October 3, 1775,
PBF
22:217; BF to Shipley, July 7, 1775, ibid., 22:94–95.

5
. BF to William Strahan, July 5, 1775,
PBF
22:85. BF never sent this letter, but there can be no doubt that his harsh tone accurately reflected his outlook in July 1775.

6
. Quoted in Wood,
Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
, 159.

7
. JA to AA, July 23, 1775,
AFC
1:253.

8
. Esmond Wright,
Franklin of Philadelphia
(Cambridge, Mass., 1986), 238.

9
. John Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
(New York, 2003), 10–12, 15.

10
. BF, Proposed Articles of Confederation, [on or before July 21, 1775],
PBF
22:122–25, 120–22n.

11
. John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 37.

12
. James Warren to JA, May 7, June 11, 1775,
PJA
3:3–4, 24;
DAJA
3:321; Jerrilyn G. Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 144–45; George Athan Billias,
Elbridge Gerry: Founding Father and Republican Statesman
(New York, 1976), 58;
LDC
1:432–33n.; Robert Treat Paine to Elbridge Gerry, June 10, 1775, ibid., 1:477; Cushing to Joseph Hawes, June 10, 1775, ibid., 1:470.

13
. New York Delegates to the New York Provincial Congress, June 3, 1775,
LDC
1:442–43; Philip Schuyler to Samuel Springer, June 3, 1775, ibid., 1:444.

14
. JA to Moses Gill, June 10, 1775,
PJA
3:21; SA to Warren, June 10, 1775,
LDC
1:468.

15
.
DAJA
3:321–23;
JCC
2:89–93, 96–97.

16
. Thomas Cushing to James Bowdoin Sr., June 21, 1775,
LDC
1:530; Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, June 16, 1775, ibid., 1:494; Eliphalet Dyer to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., June 16, 1775, ibid., 1:496; Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, June 17, 1775, ibid., 1:499–500; Hancock to Gerry, June 18, 1775, ibid., 1:507; JA to AA, June 17, 1775,
AFC
1:215–16; Benjamin Rush to Thomas Rushton, October 29, 1775, in L. H. Butterfield, ed.,
Letters of Benjamin Rush
(Princeton, N.J., 1951), 1:92.

17
. On Adams’s youth and his choices, see, JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:253–61; JA to Jonathan Sewall, February 1760,
PJA
1:41–42; John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 9–17; and John Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and the American Revolution
(New York, 2000), 5–7, 20–21.

18
. On JA’s courtship of AA, and her background, see Edith B. Gelles,
Abigail & John: Portrait of a Marriage
(New York, 2009), 1–19.

19
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:294; JA to AA, June 29, 1774,
AFC
1:113. On Adams’s struggles and eventual ascent as a lawyer, see Daniel R. Coquillette, “Justinian in Braintree: John Adams, Civilian Learning, and Legal Elitism, 1758–1775,” in
Law in Colonial Massachusetts
, Colonial Society of Massachusetts Publications, 62 (1984): 359–418; L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller Zobel, eds.,
Legal Papers of John Adams
(Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 1:lii–xciv; Ferling,
John Adams
, 25–38; Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze
, 25–27, 54–59.

20
. [John Adams], “Instructions to Braintree’s Representatives Concerning the Stamp Act,” September–October 1765,
PJA
1:132–43; [John Adams], “Clarendon to Pym,” January 13–27, 1766, ibid., 1:155–69; [John Adams], “Replies to Philanthrop, Defender of Governor Bernard,” December 9, 1766–February 16, 1767, ibid., 1:174–210.

21
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:289–91; 1:271, 274, 342, 352; 2:55, 74.

22
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
1:342.

23
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:292–94;
PJA
1:238n; Hiller B. Zobel,
The Boston Massacre
(New York, 1970), 32, 41, 49, 214, 217–21.

24
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
1:339n, 3:294.

25
. JA to Hezekiah Niles, February 13, 1818, in
WJA
10:285–86; JA to William Tudor, June 1, 1817, July 9, 1818, ibid., 10:259, 327; JA to Tudor, November 16, 25, December 7, 1816, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1954–59, microfilm edition, reel 123; JA to Sheldon Jones, March 11, 1809, ibid., reel 118; JA to TJ, July 15, 1813, July 9, 1818, in Lestor J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1961), 2:237, 594; JA, Diary, March 22, 1773,
DAJA
2:80; JA, Autobiography, ibid., 3:293–94; JA to Benjamin Rush, February 27, 1805, May 1, 21, 1807, in John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds.,
The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–1813
(San Marino, Calif., 1966), 35–36, 80, 88; Bernard Bailyn, ed.,
Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750–1776
(Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 23–30. See also Caroline Robbins,
The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthmen: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II Until the War with the Thirteen Colonies
(New York, 1959); John Howe,
The Changing Political Thought of John Adams
(Princeton, N.J., 1966), 15, 17–19, 43; Zoltan Haraszti,
John Adams and the Prophets of Progress
(Cambridge, Mass., 1952), 192; Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze
, 82–84.

26
. JA, Diary, October 19, 1777,
DAJA
2:64.

27
. JA, Diary, October 23, 30, 1772,
DAJA
2:72, 74.