Independence (75 page)

46
. Robert Secor and John Pickering,
Pennsylvania 1776
(University Park, Pa., 1975), 274, 281, 301, 304, 322.

47
. JA to AA, September 16, 1774,
AFC
1:156; JA, Diary, September 10, 1774,
DAJA
2:131.

48
. James Duane, Notes of Debate,
LDC
1:30.

49
. Quoted in Richard R. Beeman,
Patrick Henry: A Biography
(New York, 1974), 60.

50
. JA, Diary, September 6, 1774,
DAJA
2:125.

51
. JA, Diary, September 6, 1774,
DAJA
2:124–26.

52
. JA to AA, September 8, 14, 1774,
AFC
1:150, 155.

53
. On the colonists’ affection for the British monarchy, see the detailed account of the “imperialization of political life” in America in Brendan McConville,
The King’s Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2006).

54
. Quoted in Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry
(Philadelphia, 1957), 1:331.

55
. Thomas M. Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia
(New York, 1986), 168, 194–95; Jack Rakove,
Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America
(Boston, 2010), 76, 98.

56
.
AFC
1:136n.

57
. JA to William Tudor, September 29, 1774,
PJA
2:177; Joseph Reed to [?], September 4, 1774, Joseph Reed Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Rakove,
Beginnings of National Politics
, 45; Thomas Lynch to Ralph Izard, October 26, 1774,
LDC
1:247; SA to Joseph Warren, September 25, 1775, ibid., 1:100; Jerrilyn Greene Marston,
King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774–1776
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 79; Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 141.

58
. Galloway to William Franklin, September 3, 1774,
LDC
1:24; Joseph Galloway,
Historical and Political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the American Revolution
(London, 1780), 67–68. The section containing Galloway’s evaluation of SA can also be found in Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:801.

59
. Galloway to William Franklin, September 3, 5, 1774,
LDC
1:24, 27; Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 138–39.

60
. James Duane, Notes of Debates, September 6, 1774,
LDC
1:32; Deane to Elizabeth Deane, September 6, 1774, ibid., 1:29.

61
.
DGW
, September 5–24, 1774, 3:275–79; Robert Treat Paine, Diary, September 9, 1774,
LDC
1:57, 66; JA Diary, September 7, 8, October 14, 24, 1774,
DAJA
2:127, 152, 156.

62
.
JCC
1:31–40; JA, Diary, September 17, 1774,
DAJA
2:134; JA to AA, September 18, 1774,
AFC
1:157.

63
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 492–96, 503; Samuel Ward, Diary, September 21, 1774,
LDC
1:90; ibid., 1:94n;
JCC
1:42; JA, [Notes on Measures to be Taken Up by Congress, September–October, 1774],
DAJA
2:145; ibid., 2:145–46n.

64
. JA, Diary, September 26–27, 1774,
DAJA
2:137–40; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 496–97.

65
. GW, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DGW
3:282.

66
. JA, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DAJA
2:141–44. Soon after Congress, Galloway elaborated on his September 28 speech in a long pamphlet that was published in New York the following February. See Joseph Galloway,
A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies
(1775), in Merrill Jensen, ed.,
Tracts of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1967), 350–99. The bare-bones plan can also be found in Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:811–12.

67
. JA is quoted in John Ferling,
The Loyalist Mind: Joseph Galloway and the American Revolution
(University Park, Pa., 1977), 27. See also JA, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DAJA
2:142–43; Samuel Ward, Diary, October 22, 1774,
LDC
1:234.

68
. JA to Joseph Palmer, September 26, 1774,
PJA
2:173; JA to William Tudor, October 7, 1774, ibid., 2:188.

69
. Samuel Ward, Diary, October 19, 1774,
LDC
1:221; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 500–507;
JCC
1:74–81; Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:813–16.

70
. The Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances, in Douglas,
English Historical Documents
, 9:805–8. The quotation can be found on page 807. The document can also be found in
JCC
1:63–73. In the most vague terms, the Declaration reminded London that the Ohio Country had been “conquered from France” by Anglo-American soldiery.

71
. Thomas M. Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia
(New York, 1986), 70–196; Marston,
King and Congress
, 93–96.

72
. Richard Henry Lee’s Proposed Resolution, October 3, 1774,
LDC
1:140; Silas Deane, Diary, October 3, 1774, ibid., 1:138–39.

73
. JA to TJ, November 12, 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959), 2:392.

74
. Samuel Adams’s Draft Letter to Thomas Gage, October 7–8, 1774,
LDC
1:158–60; Samuel Ward, Diary, October 10, 1774, ibid., 1:171;
JCC
1:60–61; Marston,
King and Congress
, 86–90.

75
. Samuel Ward, Diary, October 22, 1774,
LDC
1:234; ibid., 1:112–17n.

76
.
JCC
1:115–22; JA, Diary, October 24, 1774,
DAJA
2:156.

77
. JA to AA, October 7, 1774,
AFC
1:164–66; George Read to Gertrude Read, October 24, 1774,
LDC
1:244.

78
. Robert Treat Paine, Diary, October 26, 1774,
LDC
1:248; Galloway to Thomas Nickleson, November 1, 1774, ibid., 1:255; Galloway to Samuel Verplanck, December 30, 1774, ibid., 1:284; SA to Thomas Young, October [?], 1774, ibid., 1:205.

CHAPTER 4: “IT IS A BILL OF WAR. IT DRAWS THE SWORD”: LORD DARTMOUTH, GEORGE WASHINGTON, HOSTILITIES

1
.
DGW
, October 27–30, 1774, 3:287–88; GW, Cash Accounts, September and October 1774,
PGWC
: 10:159–60, 166–68.

2
. GW to John Connally, February 25, 1775,
PGWC
10:273; Fairfax Independent Company to GW, October 19, 1774, April 25, 1775, ibid., 10:173, 173–74n, 344; GW to John Augustine Washington, March 25, 1775, ibid., 10:308; GW to Townshend Dade Jr., November 19, 1774, ibid., 10:187; GW to John Tayloe, October 31, 1774, ibid., 10:175; GW to James Cleveland, January 10, [March ?], 1775, ibid., 10:230, 314; GW to William Bronaugh, January 18, 1775, ibid., 10:238; GW to William Stevens, March 6, 1775, ibid., 10:288; GW to Andrew Lewis, March 27, 1775, ibid., 10:310; [GW], Agreement with William Skilling, February 25, 1775, ibid., 10:272–73; William Crawford to GW, March 6, 1775, ibid., 10:292–93;
DGW
3:291, 302, 303, 309, 321.

3
. Milton E. Flower,
John Dickinson: Conservative Revolutionary
(Charlottesville, Va., 1983), 118, 122; Kevin J. Hayes,
The Mind of a Patriot: Patrick Henry and the World of Ideas
(Charlottesville, Va., 2008), 85; Robert D. Meade,
Patrick Henry
(Philadelphia, 1957–69), 2:18–19; John K. Alexander,
Samuel Adams: America’s Revolutionary Politician
(Lanham, Md., 2002), 145; Dickinson to Josiah Quincy Jr., October 28, 1774,
LDC
1:251; William Hooper to Mary Hooper, November 7, 1774, ibid., 1:256; James Duane to Samuel Chase, December 29, 1774, ibid., 1:277; JA to James Warren, January 3, 1775,
PJA
2:209.

4
. John Ferling,
Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence
(New York, 2007), 27; John R. Galvin,
The Minute Men: The First Fight: Myths and Realities of the American Revolution
(Washington, D.C., 1989), 56–57; Joyce Lee Malcolm,
Peter’s War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 2009), 43. The two quotations can be found in Ray Raphael,
The First American Revolution: Before Lexington and Concord
(New York, 2002), 162, 182.

5
. Bernard Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution: The Path to War, 1773–1775
(London, 1964), 132–33; John Derry,
English Politics and the American Revolution
(New York, 1976), 72–73.

6
. Alan Valentine,
Lord North
(Norman, Okla., 1967), 1:260; BF to Cushing, April 3, 1770,
PBF
20:129; BF to William Franklin, August 17, 1772, ibid., 19:244; Dartmouth to Hutchinson, December 9, 1772,
DAR
5:239.

7
. Quoted in B. D. Bargar,
Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution
(Columbia, S.C., 1965), 89. The survey of Dartmouth’s early life and political career draws on this study, especially pages 1–67.

8
. Peter D. G. Thomas,
The Townshend Duty Crisis: The Second Phase of the American Revolution, 1767–1773
(Oxford, 1987), 255–56; BF to William Franklin, July 14, 1773,
PBF
20:308.

9
. JA to Tudor, June 29, 1774,
PJA
2:104.

10
. Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:312–13; Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution
, 38; Bargar,
Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution
, 109.

11
. Peter D. G. Thomas,
Tea Party to Independence: The Third Phase of the American Revolution, 1773–1776
(Oxford, 1991), 60, 61, 67; Bargar,
Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution
, 107–8; Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:314; Donoughue,
British Politics and the American Revolution
, 37–38, 52–63, 69–70.