In-N-Out Burger (33 page)

“The scandal shot straight to the Supreme Court,”: United States v. National City Lines Inc.
334 U.S. 573, 596 (1948).

“The American really loves nothing but his automobile”:
William Faulkner,
Intruder in the Dust
(New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 278.

“By the time President Dwight D. Eisenhower”:
Dwight D. Eisenhower presidential archives, http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov.

“The interstate act became the largest public works project”:
U.S. Department of Transportation.

“the San Gabriel Valley, a thirty-mile span of the Interstate Route 605”:
Barry Cohon, “Banks of the San Gabriel,”
California Highways and Public Works
, 43 (July–August 1964).

“territories as varied and fascinating as any”:
Ibid.

“it also left Baldy View with only forty-seven trailer home slots”:
Aileen Pinheiro, comp.,
The Heritage of Baldwin Park
, vol. 1 (Dallas, Tex.: Taylor Publishing Co., 1981), 248.

“By God, they're all bought and paid for, too.”
Richard Martin, “In-N-Out's Size No Measure of Its Stature,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, May 7, 1984.

“After
American Restaurant Magazine
ran a cover story”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 20.

“This may be the most important 60 seconds of your life.”:
Ibid.

“Within two years the brothers had haphazardly sold fifteen franchises”:
Ibid.

“The success of McDonald's spurred another”:
Taco Bell corporate history, http://www.tacobell.com; Funding Universe corporate histories, http://www.funding universe.com/company-histories/Taco-Bell-Corp-Company-History.html.

“In 1952, duly impressed with McDonald's operations”:
John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle,
Fast Food Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 116–117.

“It was the same year that David R. Edgerton Jr.,”:
Burger King corporate history, http://www.burgerking.ca/en/1122/index.php.

“Then in 1954, a fifty-two-year-old, former paper cup salesman”:
Ray Kroc with Robert Anderson,
Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's
(Chicago: H. Regnery, 1977), 7.

“Son of a bitch, these guys have got something.”:
“The Burger That Conquered the Country,”
Time
, September 14, 1973.

“he soon convinced the McDonalds”:
Ray Kroc with Robert Anderson,
Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's
(Chicago: H. Regnery, 1977), 12.

“On April 15, 1955, Ray Kroc opened his own McDonald's”:
McDonald's corporate history, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/mcd_history_pg1.html.

“Over the next five years, Kroc built a chain”:
“The Burger That Conquered the Country,”
Time
, September 14, 1973.

“Kroc was only earning a paltry 1.9 percent of the gross”:
Ray Kroc with Robert Anderson,
Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's
(Chicago: H. Regnery, 1977), 72.

“In 1961, Kroc asked the brothers”:
Ibid., 121.

“Kroc not only boasted that he would open”:
“The Burger That Conquered the Country,”
Time
, September 14, 1973.

“In 1952, an elementary school dropout,”:
KFC corporate history, http://www.kfc.com/about/history.asp history.

“In 1964, Sanders (who had begun opening outlets in Canada and England) sold”:
Ibid.; Amy Garber, “Yum's Got the Whole World in Its Brands,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, August 15, 2005.

CHAPTER
6

“Take the 3,548,000 babies born in 1950,”:
Sylvia F. Porter, “Babies Equal Boom,”
New York Post
, May 4, 1951.

“While Harry's own father, Hendrick, was a tough disciplinarian”:
Snyder family home movie; Harry Snyder, interview by Rich Snyder, circa early 1970s.

“At the academy, the students were given full dress uniforms”:
William J. P. Grace, “My Brush with History,”
American Heritage
, November 1996.

“On October 14, 1947, Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier”:
Gerald Silk,
Automobile and Car Culture
(New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., n.d.), 182.

“A year later, Alex Xydias, a B-17 engineer”:
Ibid., 183.

“In 1949, Muroc was officially converted into Edwards Air Force Base”:
Ibid.; History of Edwards Air Force Base, http://www.edwardscareers.com/about.asp.

“Clare MacKichan, one of the design engineers”:
Michael Lamm,
Chevrolet 1955: Creating the Original
(Stockton, Calif.: Lamm-Morada Inc, 1991), cited in David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 494.

“In an effort to ‘create order from chaos'”: NHRA History: Drag Racing's Fast Start
, http://www.nhra.com/content/about.asp?articleid=3263&zoneid=101.

“The sport had so transcended its humble beginnings”:
“Hot Rod Fever,”
Life
, April 29, 1957.

“By the early 1960s, the NHRA had over”:
National Hot Rod Association.

“The Dale was so frequently packed and noisy”:
Peyton Canary, “Car Racing Upsets Neighboring Cities,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 12, 1966.

“by 1968 there were one thousand McDonald's across the country”:
McDonald's corporate history, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/mcd_history_pg1/mcd_history _pg5.html.

“The '65 Chevelle he built for Geno Redd”:
John Jodauga, “Where Are They Now,”
National Dragster
, February 2, 1996.

CHAPTER
7

“Bell Labs began to create artificial intelligence”:
Eisenhower archives, “The Eisenhower Presidential Era,” http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/president.html.

“Eisenhower administration came up with its ‘Atoms for Peace' campaign,”:
President Eisenhower introduced the idea publicly in his “Atoms for Peace” speech given before the General Assembly of the United Nations on peaceful uses of atomic energy on December 8, 1953; for more, read Ira Chernus,
Eisenhower's Atoms For Peace
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002).

“It was none other than Walt Disney”:
Robert Schock, Eileen S. Vergino, Neil Joeck, and Ronald F. Lehman, “Atoms for Peace After 50 Years,”
Issues in Science and Technology
(Spring 2004).

“one of the most influential men alive”:
“Father Goose,”
Time
, December 27, 1954.

“And in 1957, Disney (in conjunction with the U.S. Navy”:
Mark Langer, “Disney's Atomic Fleet,”
Animation World
, 1998.

“Automatic electric washers and dryers,”:
Caroline Hellman, “The Other American Kitchen: Alternative Domesticity in 1950s Design, Politics, and Fiction,”
Journal of American Popular Culture
(Fall 2004), http://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/fall_2004/hellman.htm.

“in 1953 of the frozen ‘TV Dinner'”:
James Trager,
The Food Chronology
(New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1995), 543.

“During the 1950s, when Americans snapped up”:
According to the American Frozen Food Institute, as cited in “More than Frozen Pizza,” University of California Nutrition, Family and Consumer Science, Cooperative Extension, March 2, 2000, http://cekern.ucdavis.edu/Custom_Program804/More_Than_Frozen_Pizza.htm.

“The Seeman Brothers of New York”:
James Trager,
The Food Chronology
(New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1995), 543.

“as the prices for cocoa spiked, Robert Welch,”:
Ibid., 545.

“In 1959, General Foods Corporation”:
“Just Heat & Serve,”
Time
, December 7, 1959.

“Kroc hired engineers and technicians”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 137–139.

“As early as 1931, White Castle,”:
White Castle corporate history, http://www.whitecastle.com/_pages/timeline_40s.asp.

“In 1968 there were about one thousand McDonald's restaurants”:
McDonald's Corporation 1968 financial statement.

“To supply them all, the company was using 175 different meat suppliers.”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 333.

“After twelve years of insisting on fresh beef,”:
Ibid., 334.

“Equity Meat Company had proved that it could standardize”:
Keystone (formerly Equity Meat Company) corporate history, http://www.keystonefoods.com/history.html.

“Equity (later renamed Keystone Foods) became”:
Ibid.

“John Richard ‘J. R.' Simplot, the country's largest supplier of fresh potatoes,”:
J. R. Simplot Company corporate history, http://www.simplot.com/company/origins_found er.cfm.

“I told him frozen fries would allow him”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 330.

“J. R. Simplot went on to build an estimated $3.6 billion empire”:
Company corporate history and “The Forbes 400,”
Forbes
, September 20, 2007.

“In 1946, the U.S. Department of Agriculture required”:
USDA Fact Sheet “Focus on Beef”; John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 129. (Today's USDA standards: both hamburger and ground beef can have seasonings, but no water, phosphates, extenders, or binders may be added.)

“You would negotiate a price with the drive-in”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 129.

“Schlosser listed forty-seven chemical ingredients”:
Eric Schlosser,
Fast Food Nation
(New York: Perennial, 2001), 125–126.

“‘This way,' the company later proclaimed, enabled it to ‘completely control the patty-making process.'”:
In-N-Out Burger corporate website, http://www.in-n-out.com/statement.asp.

“In-N-Out took the same approach with its french fries”:
In-N-Out Burger corporate statement on quality, http://www.in-n-out.com/freshness.asp.

“Frequently, the potatoes were picked in the morning”:
Edmund Newton, “Faithful Customers Have No Beef with In-N-Out Burger,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 16, 1990.

“In an industry that was substituting chemically processed,”:
In-N-Out Burger corporate statement on quality, http://www.in-n-out.com/freshness.asp.

“TV ownership had grown exponentially,”:
According to U.S. Labor Statistics as cited in Lizabeth Cohen,
A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America
(New York: Knopf, 2003), 19.

“McDonald's launched its first national commercial in 1967.”:
“Thoroughly Modern Marketing,”
Nation's Restaurant News
, April 11, 2005.

“Jack in the Box, founded in 1951,”:
Jack In the Box corporate history, http://www.jackinthebox.com; Rodney Allen Rippey's homepage at http://www.rodneyallen rippey.net/.

“In 1973, television producers Sid and Marty Krofft”:
Cecil Adams, “Was McDonaldland Plagiarized from the old HR Pufnstuf Kids' Show?”
Straight Dope
, August 27, 1999, http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1343/was-mcdonaldlandplagiarized-from-the-old-h-r-pufnstuf-kids-tv-show;
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc., et al. v. McDonald's Corporation and Needham, Harper & Steers Inc.
, U.S. Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit, October 12, 1977.

“Favorites included: the”:
Not so Secret Menu at the In-N-Out website, http://www.in-n-out.com/secretmenu.asp.

“In the mid-1960s, McDonald's traced the origins of the hamburger”:
John Love,
McDonald's: Behind the Arches
, rev. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 208.

“In 1930, White Castle founders Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson”:
White Castle corporate history, http://www.whitecastle.com.

“accomplished only with the dedicated enthusiasm”:
Aileen Pinheiro, comp., “In-N-Out, Inc.: Esther L. Snyder,”
The Heritage of Baldwin Park
, vol. 1 (Dallas, Tex.: Taylor Publishing Co., 1981), 242.

CHAPTER
8

“In 1973, more than 245 franchise companies”:
Robert L. Emerson,
The New Economics of Fast Food
(New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990), 23, 62.

“had launched more than 32,000 fast-food establishments”:
John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle,
Fast Food Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 85.

“that sold $9.68 billion”:
National Restaurant Association.