Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State (53 page)

Read Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State Online

Authors: Götz Aly

BOOK: Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State
3.36Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
RFM, Meeting (RWM), Sept. 29, 1942, BA R 2/14686, pp. 154ff.
125.
Oertel, “Reichsbank,” p. 38.
126.
RWM (Martini) to RB, RFM, Jan. 28, 1943, BA R 2/14688, p. 12.
127.
RFM, Aug. 13, 1941, BA R 2/14685, p. 39; RWM (Martini) to Reich protector, Nov. 16, 1942, LArch, Berlin, B Rep. 039-01/313, pp. 153, 252.
128.
Dietrich, Verordnung;“Börsenwesen: Steuerung der Aktienkurse,” Wirtschafts-blatt der Berliner Börsen-Zeitung, Dec. 31, 1942; BA R 2/14688, p. 60; Schriftwechsel zu den genannten VO [correspondence on the above-mentioned ordinance], BA R 2/14689, pp. 153ff., R 2/14687.
129.
RB (Lange), Börse [Stock Market], Sept. 16, 1941, BA R 2/14685, pp. 47ff.
130.
Stucken, Geld- und Kreditpolittk, pp. 184-85. Similar tendencies can also be observed in the occupied countries; see Warschau Bankaufsichtsstelle des GG [Warsaw Bank Supervisory Office of the General Government] to RWM (Martini), Jan. 23, 1943, Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw, Reg. GG/1297, p. 26.
131.
Boberach, Meldungen, p. 4556 (Dec. 7, 1942).
132.
Friedenberger et al., Reichsfinanzverwaltung, pp. 88-89; BA R1501/1838, p. 21.
133.
“Kursstopp und Dividendenzuwachs,” Bankwirtschaft, 1943, p. 85; RB, Ver-waltungsbericht 1941 [Reichsbank administrative report, 1941], Berlin, 1942, pp. 7-8.
134.
Reichsbankausweis [Reichsbank disclosure], May 31, 1944, BA R 2/13480, p. 204; Funk, “Wirtschaftspolitik der stabilen Währung,” Berliner Börsen-Zeitung Feb. 13, 1943.
135.
Funk to Schwerin von Krosigk, April 16, 1943, NA T 178/15, microfilm 116.
136.
Finanzarchiv, 1943, pp. 246-72; RKG, Schmölders on “Steuerumbau als Aufgabe für heute” [“The Revision of the Tax Code as a Pressing Task”], BA R 8136/3804. See also Boberach, Meldungen, pp. 2297ff., 2555ff.
137.
Wicküler-Küpper-Brauerei AG, Wuppertal, to RFM, Reduktion der Gewinns-teuer [Reduction of Profit Taxes], May 14, 1943, BA R 2/14689, pp. 24ff.
138.
Franz Schultz (former mayor of Altona) to RFM, Feb. 7, 1945, BA R 2/14690.
139.
“Die Gewinnabführung 1943,” Bankwirtschaft, 1944, pp. 234-36; “Steuerung der Überfülle,” Sparkasse 62 (1942), pp. 1-4; GewinnabführungsVO [Ordinance on Profit Taxes], March 31, 1942; Erste DVO [First Implementation Ordinance], March 31, 1942, RGBl. 1/1942, p. 162; Dritte VO zur Durch-führung der GewinnabführungsVO [Third Ordinance on the Implementation of the Profit-Tax Ordinance], March 28, 1943, RGBl. 1/1943, p. 160; “Die verschärfte Gewinnabführung 1942,” Bankwirtschaft, 1943, pp. 37-38.
140.
Albrecht, “Unterstützung.”
141.
Reich Chancellery press secretary to Prussian Interior Ministry, Sept. 13, 1918, Stöber, Nation, p. 284. In general, see Kundrus, Kriegerfrauen.
142.
RGBl. 1/1939, p. 1531; Familienunterhaltswesen, pp. 99ff.
143.
Familienunterhaltswesen, pp. 10-11.
144.
Ibid.
145.
Ibid., p. 61.
146.
“Sicherung des Familienunterhalts,” “Vorbildliche Fürsorge,” press clippings, Oct. 20-21, 1939, BA R 2/29986, pp. 24-25.
147.
Rass, “Menschenmaterial,” p. 249.
148.
RGBl. 1/1940, p. 911.
149.
Familienunterhaltswesen, p. 13.
150.
Bissinger, Das musst Du wissen!, p. 33.
151.
Hauser, Einsatz-Familienunterhaltsgesetz, p. 48.
152.
Familienunterhaltswesen, p. 75.
153.
Kundrus, Kriegerfrauen, p. 434; Rass, “Menschenmaterial,” pp. 238ff.
154.
Schielin, “Familienunterhalt,” p. 458. Dietrich Eichholtz interprets the family support payments as an antidoctrinaire measure, as a “concession to the populace made by the ruling classes”; see Kriegswirtschaft, vol. 1, pp. 83-84.
155.
Oertel, “Kriegsfinanzierung,” p. 689.
156.
Kundrus, Kriegerfrauen, p. 434.
157.
RFM, Statistics Office, Haushaltsausgaben [Household Expenditures] 1938-1943, Nov. 1944, BA R 2/24250, p. 182.
158.
Funk to Lammers, April 16, 1943, BA R 2/20405a; Funk on wartime tax surcharges, July 2, 1943, NA T 175/15, microfilm 083-84.
PART II: SUBJUGATION AND EXPLOITATION
 
Chapter 3: With Unwavering Efficiency
 
2.
Donner, “Grenzen,” p. 205.
3.
RFM (Berger), Debatte um den Kurs der dan. Krone mit Vertretern von RB, VJP, AA und RWM [Debate on the Rate of the Danish Krone with Representatives of the Reichsbank, Four-Year Plan, Foreign Office, and Economics Ministry], Nov. 22, 1941, BA R 2/60244.
 
4.
RFM (Rottky) to Finance Division, RKU (Arlt), May 22, 1944, BA R 2/14592, p. 21.
5.
RB, Dienstreise (Lange, Kretzschmann), to Athens, Salonika, Sofia, Bucharest, Belgrade, and Budapest, May 24-30, 1941, BA R 29/1, pp. 215-20; Schlarp, Wirtschaft, p. 185.
6.
Schlarp, Wirtschaft, pp. 381ff.; BA R 2/14138/14570.
7.
Spindler to Frank, Feb. 28, 1940, in Präg and Jacobmeyer, Diensttage-buch (hereafter referred to as Frank’s diary), p. 137; Frank to Reinecke (Wehrmacht Administration Office), July 15, 1942, BA-MA RW 7/1710/a, pp. 69-70; Paersch to Frank, March 23, 1942, Frank’s diary, p. 235.
8.
Senkowsky to Frank, March 17 and 25, 1942, Frank’s diary, pp. 180, 234-35; RFM (Bussmann), Erhöhung des Kriegsbeitrags im Generalgouvernement [Increase in War Contributions in the General Government], March 22, 1943, BA R 2/14580, pp. 133-34; RFM (Schwerin von Krosigk) to Frank, July 23, 1943, BA R 2/14580, pp. 191ff. See also “Gen. Gouvernement Polen, Wehrbeitrag,” BA R 2/5085.
9.
RFM, Matrikularbeitrag des GG [Contribution of the General Government], Oct. 11, 1941, BA R 2/30511.
10.
Paersch to Frank, March 10, 1942, Frank’s diary, p. 155.
11.
Central bank of Poland, Geschäftsbericht und Jahresabschluss für 1942 [Final business report for 1942], BA R 2/14552, pp. 258-69.
12.
RFM (Bussmann), Kriegsbeitrag des GG [War Contribution of the GG], March 22, 1943, BA R 2/14580, pp. 133-34; RFM (Burmeister), Oct. 3, 1941, BA R 2/5085, pp. 41-42.
13. Frank, Senkowsky, Bühler, Jan. 19, 1943, GG budget talks, Jan. 26, 1943, Frank’s diary.
14.
Discussion in RWM on arms finances in the GG, March 4, 1944, Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw, Reg. GG/1351.
15.
“Der Kriegshaushalt des Reiches,” Bankwirtschaft, 1944, p. 15.
16.
Devisen für Zahnersatz [Currency for Dentures], 1943, BA-MA RW 7/1710b, p. 20.>
17.
Lemkin, Axis, pp. 50-65.
18.
Boisanger to Hemmen, Nov. 4, 1941, PS-1741.
19.
RFM, Steuerung der Geldmittel und Waren, Bewirtschaftung der deutsche Wehrmacht in Dänemark [Control of Money and Goods, Supplying the Wehrmacht in Denmark] (Litter), Oct. 2, 1944, PA AA R 105210.
20.
Material expenditures included soldiers’ pay, expense money, clothing replacement allowances, and transfer and travel costs. BA-MA RW 38/146, pp. 14ff., 147, 148.
21.
Ibid., pp. 36, 22.
22.
Reich envoy in Denmark, liaison of the main administration of the RKK, Copenhagen, Oct. 1, 1944, PA AA R 105211.
23.
Foreign Office, Berlin, conference with Schnurre, May 14, 1941, PA AA R 105298.
24.
RB to central bank, July 19, 1940; on similar procedures, see Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw, Emissionsbank/154.
25.
Senkowsky to Frank, March 9 and April 21, 1942, Frank’s diary, pp. 152, 394.
26.
Reich commissioner for the occupied territories of the Netherlands (Rinke-feil) to RFM (Breyhan), Besatzungskosten [Occupation Costs], Nov. 21, 1940, BA R 2/11433, pp. 3-4; RFM (Breyhan), Finanzpolitik des Reiches [Reich Financial Policies], June 1944, BA R 2/267, pp. 25ff. See also R 2/30602.
27.
BA R 2/24250.
28.
Boelcke, “Kriegsfinanzierung,” p. 31; Jecht, Kriegsfinanzen, p. 29; Wiel, Krieg, p. 115.
29.
“Der Kriegshaushalt des Reiches,” Bankwirtschaft, no. 1 (1944), p. 15.
30.
Chmelda-Bericht, p. 18, NID-14615; “Der Druck auf die französische Währung,” Bank-Archiv, 1942, pp. 484-85; Rass, “Menschenmaterial,” p. 240.
31.
Benning, “Die sogenannte ‘Stabilität’ der Währungsrelationen in Europa,” Feb. 12, 1944, BA R 8136/3773, pp. 68-69.
32.
Reichsbank vice president Puhl, Nov. 22, 1941, BA R 2/60244.
33.
Platow circular, Feb. 25, 1943, BA R 2/30703.
34.
Main administration of the RKK on German clearing debts, Sept. 11, 1944, BA/14553.
35.
RFM (Litter), Preparations for Peace Treaties, Oct. 2, 1942, BA R 2/12158, p. 99.
36.
“Mahnung an die Clearingpartner,” Die Bank 36 (1943), pp. 106-07.
37.
RKK administrative council, Nov. 13, 1941, pp. 231-34; OKH General Staff (Kössler) to General Quartermaster (Waldhecker), Feb. 5, 1942, BA R 29/111.
38.
Four-Year Plan (Roethe) in meeting with OKW (Kersten), Sept. 8, 1943, BA R 2/14553, pp. 69-74.
39.
Meinen, Wehrmacht, pp. 76-77. On bordello visits, see also Böll, Essayistische Schriften, pp. 260–76 (Brief an einen jungen Katholiken).
40.
Kasten, “Reichskreditkassen,” p. 10.
41.
Pfleiderer, “Reichskreditkassen,” p. 385.
42.
RKK administrative council, Aug. 10, 1942, BA R 29/4, p. 121.
43.
Ordinance of the Army High Command, May 18, 1940, VOB1F 1 (1940), p. 23; president of Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftskassen [Central Comrados Bank] to RFM (Bayrhoffer), Sept. 18, 1939, BA R 2/30915.
44.
Arnoult et al., La France, p. 39.
45.
“Der Reichskreditkassenschein,” Deutscher Reichsanzeiger, Jan. 15, 1944, BA R 2/56045, p. 69.
46.
Kretzschmann, “Reichskreditkassen,” p. 586; Kasten, “Reichskreditkassen,” p. 134.
47.
OKW, Zurückziehung der RKK-Scheine in Frankreich [Withdrawal of RKK certificates in France], Sept. 8, 1943, BA R 2/14553, pp. 69-74; compare Lt. Int., MBiF (Lenz) to OKW, etc., July 27, 1943, BA R 2/267, pp. 6ff.
48.
“Reichskreditkassenscheine in Frankreich aus dem Verkehr gezogen,” Na-tionalZeitung, Dec. 1, 1943, BA R 2/56059, p. 165; MBiF (Michel) to Association professionelle des banques, Nov. 25, 1943, Archive de la Banque de France 1067199401/15. At this point there were only 5 billion francs’ worth of RKK certificates in circulation; see Banque de France archive and Margairaz, Banques, pp. 39ff.
49.
Holzhauer, Barzahlung, pp. 44, 108, 110.
50.
Kasten, “Reichskreditkassen,” pp. 10-11.
51.
Petrov, Money, pp. 15-16.
52.
Holzhauer, Barzahlung, pp. 44ff.
53.
Kasten, “Reichskreditkassen,” pp. 14, 30-34. Kasten cites two other studies: Georg Süss, Das Geldwesen im besetzten Frankreich (Munich, 1920), and Walter Wiese, “Geld und Notenbankpolitik im Generalgouvernement Warschau während der deutschen Besetzung,” dissertation, University of Breslau, 1922.
54.
Holzhauer, Barzahlung, pp. 66ff.
55.
German Armistice Commission, Paris, to Foreign Office, Berlin, August 4, 1942, BA R 29/4, pp. 93-96; Materialsammlung für eine Chronik der RKK [Collection of Material for a History of the Reich Credit Bank], BA R 29/113.
56.
Oertel, “Reichsbank,” p. 69; Kasten, “Reichskreditkassen,” p. 28; Kretzschmann, “Reichskreditkassen,” pp. 113-14, 120ff. German copper and aluminum-bronze coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1941 and replaced by zinc ones; RFM (Bayrhoffer), May 7, 1941, BA R 29/2, p. 79.
57.
Consequently the institution that distributed the certificates “necessarily had to be called the Reich Credit Bank,” RB (Kretzschmann, Bayrhoffer) to RFM, Dec. 2, 1939, BA R 2/13499, p. 89.

Other books

Crossing by Gilbert Morris
Horse Shy by Bonnie Bryant
The Dress by Kate Kerrigan
Ask Me Again Tomorrow by Olympia Dukakis
The Dead I Know by Scot Gardner
Swarm by Larson, B. V.
Bad Times in Dragon City by Matt Forbeck
The Weird Sisters by Eleanor Brown
The Dislocated Man, Part One by Larry Donnell, Tim Greaton
The Crimson Skew by S. E. Grove