Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939 (178 page)

205 
See the excellent account in Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
, pp. 392–440 (“Hitler’s Cultural Revolution”).

206 
See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 2/3, p. 316 (entry for 16 Nov. 1933); Ebermayer,
Denn heute gehört uns Deutschland
, pp. 203f. (dated 16 Nov. 1933); Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, pp. 138f.

207 
Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 1, p. 193

208 
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 1, no. 180, p. 632.

209 
See also Christoph Buchheim, “Das NS-Regime und die Überwindung der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Deutschland,” in
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, 56 (2008), pp. 381–414, particularly pp. 383–9.

210 
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 1, no. 17, p. 55 (dated 8 Feb. 1933). On Hitler’s caution regarding economic policy during the first months of his chancellorship see Detlev Humann,
“Arbeitsschlacht”: Arbeitsbeschaffung und Propaganda in der NS-Zeit 1933–1939
, Göttingen, 2011, pp. 58ff.

211 
See Buchheim, “Das NS-Regime und die Überwindung der Weltwirtschaftskrise,” pp. 390f.; Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, p. 330; Humann,
“Arbeitsschlacht,
” pp. 75–8.

212 
See Buchheim, “Das NS-Regime und die Überwindung der Weltwirtschaftskrise,” pp. 392–5; Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, pp. 330f; Humann,
“Arbeitsschlacht,
” pp. 118ff., 152ff., 242ff., 366ff., 428ff. On the unreliability of the statistics see ibid., pp. 624ff.

213 
Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 208f.

214 
See
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 1, p. xliii (introduction); no. 92, p. 308n7 (dated 6 April 1933). See also Adam Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
, London, 2006, pp. 46f.

215 
Report by Hafraba’s commercial director Hof on a meeting with Hitler, 6 April 1933;
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 1, no. 92, pp. 306–11 (quotations on pp. 308f., 310).

216 
Meeting with leading industrialists, 29 May 1933; ibid., no. 147, pp. 506–27 (quote on p. 511).

217 
See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 2/3, p. 275 (entry for 24 Sept. 1933). On “labour battle” propaganda see Humann,
“Arbeitsschlacht,
” p. 635ff.

218 
See Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 47.

219 
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 2, no. 211, p. 741 (dated 18 Sept. 1933). See Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, pp. 327f.

220 
See Hans Mommsen and Manfred Grieger,
Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich
, Düsseldorf, 1996, pp. 56ff.

221 
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 1, no. 19, p. 62 (dated 9 Feb. 1933). See above p. 417.

222 
See Christopher Kopper,
Hjalmar Schacht: Aufstieg und Fall von Hitlers mächtigstem Bankier
, Munich and Vienna, 2006, pp. 205–9. In a letter to the editor of the weekly newspaper
Die Zeit
on 20 July 1948, Theodor Duesterberg, the former second-in-command of the Stahlhelm, accused Schacht of being, next to Papen, “the man most responsible for helping Hitler gain power during Hindenburg’s lifetime.” Duesterberg also wrote that he could not believe that “such a respected newspaper” would defend Schacht. BA Koblenz, N 1377/27.

223 
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, pp. 53f.

224 
See Kopper,
Hjalmar Schacht
, pp. 269f.; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, pp. 54, 62; Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, p. 345.

225 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 2/3, p. 313 (entry for 13 Nov. 1933). See also Hitler’s address to the second meeting of the General Council for the Economy, 20 Sept. 1933: “Those who rest, rust. Those who stand still, fall.”
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 2, no. 214, p. 810.

226 
See Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1914–1949
, pp. 646f.; Ludolf Herbst,
Hitlers Charisma: Die Erfindung eines deutschen Messias
, Frankfurt am Main, 2010, pp. 22f.; 259f.; Dirk van Laak, “Adolf Hitler,” in Frank Möller (ed.),
Charismatische Führer der deutschen Nation
, Munich, 2004, pp. 162f.

227 
See Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone
, pp. 188–91.

228 
See ibid., pp. 183f.

229 
Becker,
Hitlers Machtergreifung
, pp. 327–30 (quotations on p. 329). See also Röhm’s memo of 30 May 1933, in which he refers to the danger that “the SA and SS could be reduced to the role of mere propaganda troops.” BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, NS 26/328.

230 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 2/3, p. 156 (entry for 27 March 1933).

231 
Ibid., p. 230 (entry for 19 July 1933), pp. 252f. (entry for 25 Aug. 1933).

232 
Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 293f. See “Zeitfolge für den Besuch des Herrn Reichskanzlers und des Herrn Preussischen Ministerpräsidenten in Neudeck und die Tannenbergfeier am 27. August 1933” in BA Berlin-Lichterfelde R 43 II/971. For the memorial ceremony, participants were ordered to wear “dark coattails with a dark top hat or other dark hat,” and for the dinner with Hindenburg “a tuxedo with medals.” On 25 April 1934 Hitler thanked Hindenburg for the best wishes and flowers on his birthday and told the Reich president how happy he was “to be allowed to do what I can to rebuild the Reich in peacetime under the greatest field marshal of the world war.” See the draft of the letter (with Hitler’s handwritten corrections) and the final version, BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, NS 10/123.

233 
Die Regierung Hitler
, part 1, vol. 1, no. 180, p. 631; part 1, vol. 2, no. 222, p. 868.

234 
Draft of the letter (with Hitler’s handwritten amendments) in BA Berlin-Lichterfelde NS 10/123.

235 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 2/3, p. 309 (entry for 8 Nov. 1933).

236 
Deutschland-Berichte der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (Sopade) 1934–1940
, ed. Klaus Behnken, Frankfurt am Main, 1980, 1 (1934), p. 101; see also pp. 9–13, 99–103 for further pieces of evidence for the change of national mood in the spring and early summer of 1934. See Frei,
Der Führerstaat
, pp. 9–17; Thamer,
Verführung und Gewalt
, pp. 327f.; Ian Kershaw,
The Hitler Myth: Image and Reality in the Third Reich
, Oxford, 1987, pp. 21–31.

237 
Report by envoy Herluf Zahle dated 16 April 1934; Bajohr and Strupp (eds),
Fremde Blicke auf das “Dritte Reich,”
p. 403. See also the report by John C. White from the U.S. embassy, 26 April 1933, in which he talks of “increasing discontent with present conditions.” Ibid., p. 403.

238 
Klemperer,
Tagebücher 1933–1941
, p. 86 (entry for 7 Feb. 1934). See Irene Strenge,
Ferdinand von Bredow: Notizen vom 20. 2. 1933 bis 31. 12. 1933. Tägliche Aufzeichnungen vom 1. 1. 1934 bis 28. 6. 1934
, Berlin, 2009, p. 223 (entry for 26 March 1934): “Everywhere’s there’s complaining…There’s a lot of unhappiness in the air”; ibid., p. 230 (entry for 25 May 1934): “Nowhere is there any joy, unhappiness everywhere…everyone sees this coming to a bad end.”

239 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/1, p. 39 (entry for 24 April 1934), p. 48 (entry for 13 May 1934).

240 
Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone
, p. 203.

241 
See ibid., p. 204.

242 
See Müller,
Armee und Drittes Reich
, pp. 57, 64; doc. 57, pp. 192–5. See also Kirstin A. Schäfer,
Werner von Blomberg: Hitlers erster Feldmarschall. Eine Biographie
, Paderborn, 2006, pp. 123f., 136; Immo von Fallois,
Kalkül und Illusion: Der Machtkampf zwischen Reichswehr und SA während der Röhm-Krise 1934
, Berlin, 1994, pp. 106–12.

243 
Müller,
Armee und Drittes Reich
, doc. 58, p. 195; Schäfer,
Werner von Blomberg
, p. 137.

244 
See Bracher et al.,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung
, p. 944; Heinz Höhne,
Mordsache Röhm: Hitlers Durchbruch zur Alleinherrschaft 1933–1934
, Reinbek, 1984, p. 206. Hanfstaengl encountered “an enraged, hollering, drunken Röhm” on the street, bellowing the “foulest curses I’ve ever heard.” Hanfstaengl’s unpublished memoirs, p. 306; BSB München, Nl Hanfstaengl, Ana 405, Box 47.

245 
See Diels,
Lucifer ante portas
, pp. 379–82; Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone
, p. 208; Fallois,
Kalkül und Illusion
, p. 125.

246 
See Longerich,
Heinrich Himmler
, pp. 178, 181f.; Gerwarth,
Reinhard Heydrich
, pp. 101f., 104f.

247 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/1, p. 49 (entry for 15 May 1934).

248 
Adolf Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen—Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933. Vol. 4: Von der Reichstagswahl bis zur Reichspräsidentenwahl Oktober 1930–März 1932. Part 1: Oktober 1930–Juni 1931
, ed. Constantin Goschler, Munich, 1993, doc. 54, p. 183. See Lothar Machtan,
Hitlers Geheimnis: Das Doppelleben eines Diktators
, Berlin, 2001, pp. 208f. As early as February 1927, Hitler had expressed concern about the “175ers in the party.” R. Buttmann’s diary dated 14 Feb. 1927; BayHStA München, Nl Buttmann 83.

249 
Adolf Hitler,
Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen—Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933. Vol. 5: Von der Reichspräsidentenwahl bis zur Machtergreifung April 1932–Januar 1933. Part 1: April 1932–September 1932
, ed. Klaus A. Lankheit, Munich, 1996, doc. 15, p. 32. See Machtan,
Hitlers Geheimnis
, pp. 217–28; Susanne zur Nieden, “Aufstieg und Fall des virilen Männerhelden: Der Skandal um Ernst Röhm und seine Ermordung,” in
idem
(ed.),
Homosexualität und Staatsräson:
Männlichkeit, Homophobie und Politik in Deutschland 1900–1945
, Frankfurt am Main 2005, pp. 147–75.

250 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/1, p. 57 (entry for 3 June 1934).

251 
Hanfstaengl,
Zwischen Weissem und Braunem Haus
, pp. 340f. In a confidential letter of 12 June 1934, Hermann Höfle—a former member of the Epp Freikorps who had taken part in the 1923 putsch—had warned Röhm against “intrigues” directed against him from within the Reichswehr. Höfle encouraged Röhm to get Hitler to “take an uncompromising public stand for the SA in the presence of all the army’s generals and important officials.” BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, NS 26/328.

252 
See Frei,
Der Führerstaat
, pp. 25–7; Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone
, p. 212; Thamer,
Verführung und Gewalt
, p. 326.

253 
See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/1, p. 51 (entry for 21 April 1934): “Papen would like to assume Hindenburg’s position when the old man dies. Out of the question.” On Hindenburg’s illness and withdrawal to Neudeck, see Pyta,
Hindenburg
, p. 836. In Neurath’s papers is a handwritten note by Hindenburg dated 12 May 1934: “Please have Herr von Neurath come between 5 and 5:30 p.m. or tomorrow between 12 and 12:30 a.m.” Neurath noted: “The last time I was summoned to listen to Hindenburg.” BA Koblenz, N 1310/96. As late as 12 March 1934 Rudolf Hess had reported on a great feast at Hindenburg’s residence: “The old man is still surprisingly hale and hearty; he played the host until it was almost midnight.” Rudolf Hess to Fritz Hess, 12 March 1934; BA Bern, Nl Hess, J1.211-1989/148, 53.

254 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/1, p. 62 (entry for 16 June 1934). See ibid., p. 60 (entry for 9 June 1934) “A republican office for complaints in its purest form.”

255 
Petzold,
Franz von Papen
, pp. 211–17 (quotations on p. 215f.). The text of the Marburg speech is also in Edmund Forsbach,
Edgar Jung: Ein konservativer Revolutionär
, Pfullingen, 1984, pp. 154–74.

256 
The original telegram in BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, R 43 II/971; with a handwritten addendum from the Reich Chancellery switchboard: “Opened and read on 20 May on behalf of Martin Bormann.”

257 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/1, p. 65 (entry for 18 June 1934).

258 
See Frei,
Der Führerstaat
, pp. 28f. On 17 June 1934 Herbert von Bose sent three copies of the speech to the Ministry for Propaganda with the request to transmit it to the press; BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, NS 10/50.

259 
Heuss,
In der Defensive
, pp. 236f. (dated 20 June 1934).