Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939 (198 page)

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Authors: Volker Ullrich

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BOOK: Hitler: Ascent, 1889-1939
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28 
Ribbentrop,
Zwischen London und Moskau
, p. 93.

29 
Quoted in Wolfgang Michalka,
Ribbentrop und die deutsche Weltpolitik 1933–1940: Aussenpolitische Konzeptionen und Entscheidungsprozesse im Dritten Reich
, Munich, 1980, p. 121.

30 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/2, p. 249 (entry for 13 Nov. 1936).

31 
Albert Speer,
Erinnerungen: Mit einem Essay von Jochen Thies
, Frankfurt am Main and Berlin, 1993, p. 88; see Fritz Wiedemann,
Der Mann, der Feldherr werden wollte: Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen des Vorgesetzten Hitlers im 1. Weltkrieg und seines späteren persönlichen Adjutanten
, Velbert and Kettwig 1964, p. 152; Ribbentrop,
Zwischen London und Moskau
, p. 104; Henke,
England in Hitlers politischem Kalkül
, p. 67; Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/2, p. 278 (entry for 5 Dec. 1936): “The Führer is furious at the moral hypocrites…The Baldwin government is behaving atrociously.”

32 
On the origins and signing of the pact, the best survey of the subject still is Theo Sommer,
Deutschland und Japan zwischen den Mächten 1935–1940: Vom Antikominternpakt zum Dreimächtepakt
, Tübingen, 1962, pp. 23–56 (see pp. 493–5 for the text of the pact and the secret addendum).

33 
See Michalka,
Ribbentrop und die deutsche Weltpolitik
, p. 135.

34 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/2, p. 218 (entry for 21 Oct. 1936).

35 
As in Sommer,
Deutschland und Japan zwischen den Mächten
, p. 49.

36 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 3/2, p. 349 (entry for 28 Jan. 1937).

37 
Ibid., p. 389 (entry for 23 Feb. 1937).

38 
Ibid., vol. 4, p. 52 (entry for 15 March 1937). In May 1937 Hassell learned from Neurath in Rome that “Hitler has written off Czechoslovakia. He’s not trying to reach any genuine understanding and instead envisions…the country being broken up.” Hassell,
Römische Tagebücher
, p. 199 (entry for 6 May 1937).

39 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, p. 87 (entry for 10 April 1937).

40 
Ibid., p. 247 (entry for 3 Aug. 1937). On the final day of the 1937 Nuremberg Rally, Hitler remarked to Goebbels: “Austria…will be resolved violently.” Ibid., p. 312 (entry for 14 Sept. 1937).

41 
Henke,
England in Hitlers politischem Kalkül
, p. 81.

42 
See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, p. 154 (entry for 28 May 1937).

43 
For a broader assessment see Robert Alexander Clarke Parker,
Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War
, London, 1993; see also Rainer F. Schmidt,
Die Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches 1933–1939
, Stuttgart, 2002, pp. 232–9.

44 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, pp. 214 (entry for 10 July 1937), 217 (entry for 13 July 1937) 185 (entry for 18 June 1937).

45 
See Falanga,
Mussolinis Vorposten
, p. 88.

46 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, p. 296 (entry for 5 Sept. 1937). See ibid., pp. 315 (entry for 9 Sept. 1937), 318 (entry for 19 Sept. 1937), 321 (entry for 21 Sept. 1937), 322 (entry for 22 Sept. 1937), 324 (entry for 23 Sept. 1937).

47 
Ibid., p. 328 (entry for 26 Sept. 1937).

48 
Schmidt,
Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne
, pp. 365f.; Schmidt’s characterisation is recognisably modelled on the account by André François-Poncet,
Als Botschafter in Berlin 1931–1938
, Mainz, 1947, pp. 299f.

49 
See Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 2, p. 734.

50 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, p. 332 (entry for 28 Sept. 1937). See also Hans Frank,
Im Angesicht des Galgens: Deutung Hitlers und seiner Zeit auf Grund eigener Erlebnisse und Erkenntnisse
, Munich and Gräfelfing, 1953, pp. 269f.

51 
Schmidt,
Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne
, p. 367.

52 
Ibid., p. 368.

53 
Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 2, p. 735.

54 
See ibid., pp. 737f., Rauscher,
Hitler und Mussolioni
, p. 248; Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, p. 334: “[Mussolini] speaks with a passionate accent…Sometimes he yells too much. But that doesn’t prevent him from achieving an effect.”

55 
François-Poncet,
Als Botschafter in Berlin
, p. 310. Foreign Minister Ciano restricted his notes concerning the evening’s mass ceremony to: “Lots of emotion and lots of rain.” Galeazzo Ciano,
Tagebücher 1937/38
, Hamburg, 1949, p. 19.

56 
Frank,
Im Angesicht des Galgens
, p. 271; see Nicolaus von Below,
Als Hitlers Adjutant 1937–45
, Mainz, 1980, p. 44.

57 
See Rauscher,
Hitler und Mussolini
, p. 245.

58 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, pp. 335f. (entry for 30 Sept. 1937).

59 
Hamann,
Winifred Wagner
, p. 350. See also Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, p. 336 (entry for 30 Sept. 1937): “[Hitler] was happy everything went so well.”

60 
Frank,
Im Angesicht des Galgens
, p. 273.

61 
Rauscher,
Hitler und Mussolini
, p. 248

62 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 4, p. 332 (entry for 28 Sept. 1937): “Only Austria is still open. But he always skips over that.”

63 
Ibid., p. 329 (entry for 26 Sept. 1937); see Wiedemann,
Der Mann
, p. 133.

64 
Adolf Hitler,
Monologe im Führerhauptquartier 1941–1944: Die Aufzeichnungen Heinrich Heims
, ed. Werner Jochmann, Hamburg, 1980, pp. 144 (dated 20 Nov. 1941), 246 (dated 31 Jan. 1942). See ibid., p. 44 (dated 21/22 July 1941). Wiedemann’s notes “Stellung zu Italien” (position on Italy) read: “Mussolini and Hitler have so much in common in terms of their thinking and their past that a relationship of strong personal friendship and trust developed.” BA Koblenz, N 1720/4.

65 
Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 2, p. 745.

66 
On the question of the authenticity of Hossbach’s protocol see Walter Bussmann, “Zur Entstehung und Überlieferung der ‘Hossbach-Niederschrift,’ ” in
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, 16 (1968), pp. 373–8; Jonathan Wright and Paul Stafford, “Hitler, Britain and the Hossbach-Memorandum,” in
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 46 (1987/2), pp. 77–123. See also Hossbach’s notes on the history of its origins in Friedrich Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler 1934–1938
, 2nd revised edition, Göttingen, 1965, pp. 189–92.

67 
On the story behind the conference of 5 Nov. 1937 see Wendt,
Grossdeutschland
, pp. 11–14.

68 
The Hossbach protocol is reprinted in Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler
, pp. 181–9; Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 748–745 (from which it is quoted here). For a detailed account of the contents see Wendt,
Grossdeutschland
, pp. 15–24.

69 
Reprinted in
Der Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem Internationalen Militärtribunal in Nürnberg (IMT)
, Nuremberg, 1947–9, vol. 34, pp. 745ff.

70 
As in Wendt,
Grossdeutschland
, p. 27. Contrary to this see Karl Heinz Janssen and Fritz Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle: Hitler und die Blomberg-Fritsch-Krise 1938
, Munich, 1994, p. 18.

71 
IMT
, vol. 16, pp. 640f.

72 
See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 24–31. This account corrects earlier historical hypotheses that the Blomberg–Fritsch crisis was a plot hatched by Himmler, Heydrich and Göring. On this see Harold C. Deutsch,
Das Komplott oder die Entmachtung der Generale: Blomberg- und Fritsch-Krise. Hitlers Weg zum Krieg
, Zurich, 1974. On Blomberg’s affair with Margarethe Gruhn see also Kirstin A. Schäfer,
Werner von Blomberg: Hitlers erster Feldmarschall. Eine Biographie
, Paderborn, 2006, pp. 175–7.

73 
See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 38–42 (quotation on p. 41); Schäfer,
Werner von Blomberg
, pp. 178f.

74 
See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 27f., 43–50 (quotations on pp. 45, 50); Schäfer,
Werner von Blomberg
, pp. 180f.

75 
As in Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, p. 51.

76 
Below,
Als Adjutant Hitlers
, pp. 63f.

77 
Wiedemann,
Der Mann
, p. 112; see also Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 127 (entry for 1 Feb. 1938): “The Führer…shared his whole sorrow with me. Complained that his faith in humanity has been utterly shaken. Blomberg gets married to a whore and stays with her and abandons the state…The Führer trusted him blindly. That was a big mistake.”

78 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 115 (entry for 26 Jan. 1938).

79 
Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler
, pp. 107f.

80 
See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 53–5; Schäfer,
Werner von Blomberg
, pp. 187f.

81 
Gerhard Engel,
Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938–1943
, ed. and annotated Hildegard von Kotze, Stuttgart, 1974, pp. 20f. (dated 26 April 1938).

82 
See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 84f.

83 
François-Poncet,
Als Botschafter in Berlin
, p. 291.

84 
See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 86–97.

85 
Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler
, p. 108.

86 
Ibid., pp. 108–10 (quotation on p. 110). See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 97–100.

87 
Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler
, p. 110.

88 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, pp. 117f. (entry for 27 Jan. 1938).

89 
Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler
, p. 112; see Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 91, 104.

90 
Horst Mühleisen, “Die Fritsch-Krise im Frühjahr 1938: Neue Dokumente aus dem Nachlass des Generalobersten,” in
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 56 (1997/2), pp. 471–508, doc. 1. The above quotation is in Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler
, p. 112. See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 104–8.

91 
For the following quote see also Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 119 (entry for 28 Jan. 1938). See also Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 109–14.

92 
See Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, vol. 5, p. 122 (entry for 29 Jan. 1938). On the tempestuous meeting see Hossbach,
Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler
, pp. 115–18.

93 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 124.

94 
See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 116–23.

95 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 127 (entry for 1 Feb. 1938).

96 
Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, p. 140.

97 
Wiedemann,
Der Mann
, p. 113. See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 125f.

98 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 119 (entry for 28 Jan. 1938). See Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, pp. 126f.

99 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 119 (entry for 28 Jan. 1938).

100 
Below,
Als Hitlers Adjutant
, p. 75.

101 
Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 5, p. 125 (entry for 31 Jan. 1938).

102 
Ibid., pp. 127f. (entry for 1 Feb. 1938).

103 
Janssen and Tobias,
Der Sturz der Generäle
, p. 149; Domarus,
Hitler
, vol. 1, part 2, p. 782.

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