Gulag (47 page)

3b
The Solovetsky monastery, as it appears today

3c
Naftaly Frenkel

4a
Prisoners breaking rocks, with handmade tools

4b
“Everything was done by hand . . . We dug earth by hand, and carried it out in wheelbarrows, we dug through the hills by hand as well . . .”

5a
“The best shock-workers”: this placard hung in a place of honor

5b
Stalin and Yezhov, visiting the White Sea Canal to celebrate its completion

6a
“We will eradicate Spies and Diversionists, Agents of the Trotskyite-Bukharinite Fascists!”—NKVD poster, 1937

6b
Arrest of an Enemy in the Workplace—Soviet painting, 1937

7a
Four camp commanders, Kolyma, 1950. The daughter of a prisoner has written “Killers!” across the photograph.

7b
Armed guards, with dogs

8a
Beside a grandmother’s grave

8b
In central Asia

8c
Outside a
zemlyanka
, an earth dugout

9a
Kolyma landscape