Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory (52 page)

9
Baxter,
William III
, pp.233, 234.

10
D. Hoak, ‘The Anglo–Dutch Revolution of 1688–89’, in D. Hoak and M. Feingold (eds),
The World of William and Mary: Anglo–Dutch Perspectives on the Revolution of 1688–89
(Stanford University Press, 1966), pp.1–26; 23.

11
S. Groenveld, ‘“J’equippe une flotte très considerable”: The Dutch side of the Revolution’, in R. Beddard (ed.),
The Revolutions of 1688
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), pp.213–45, at p.234.

12
Weil, ‘Politics of legitimacy’, p.68.

13
On William the Silent see Wedgwood,
William the Silent
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1967); L. Jardine,
The Awful End of Prince William the Silent
.

14
Journaal van Constantjn Huygens, den Zoon
(1673, 1675, 1677 en 1678), 8. See D. Hoak, ‘The Anglo–Dutch revolution of 1688–89’, in D. Hoak and M. Feingold (eds),
The World of William and Mary
, pp.1–26; 272, note 92.

15
Ibid., p.272, note 97.

16
Ibid., p.23.

17
S. Groenveld, ‘The house of Orange and the house of Stuart, 1639–1650: a revision’,
Historical Journal
34 (1991), 955–72. I have largely accepted Groenveld’s revised view of the relationship between the two houses during this period, correcting that of Geyl.

18
P. Geyl,
Orange and Stuart 1641–1672
(London: Phoenix Press, 2001; first English edition 1969), p.7.

19
See Groenveld, ‘The Dutch side of the Revolution’, p.217.

20
Geyl,
Orange and Stuart
, p.32.

21
Many historical accounts give William’s age as twelve in May 1641, although he was born on 27 May 1626 (n.s.). This is presumably because he was indeed twelve at the beginning of negotiations in 1638–39.

22
On comparative costs of clothes and paintings see J. Brotton,
The Sale of the Late King’s Goods
(London: Macmillan, 2006). See also R. Malcolm Smuts,
Court Culture and the Origins of the Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England
(Philadelphia, 1987), pp.60, 130–1; David Howarth,
Images of Rule: Art and Politics in the English Renaissance, 1485–1649
(London, 1997), pp.9–10.

23
Parentalia
, p.133.

24
Geyl,
Orange and Stuart
, pp.32–3.

25
On the conscious strategy of Frederik Hendrik and Amalia van Solms to create a court culture in the Low Countries to give dynastic prominence to the house of Orange see M. Keblusek and J. Zijlmans,
Princely Display: The Court of Frederik Hendrik of Orange and Amalia van Solms
(Zwolle: Historical Museum, The Hague, 1997).

26
Geyl,
Orange and Stuart
, p.35.

27
Groenveld, ‘The house of Orange and the house of Stuart’, p.961.

28
Ibid., p.963.

29
Ibid, p.964.

30
W.A. Speck,
Reluctant Revolutionaries: Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp.102–3.

31
Weil, ‘Politics of legitimacy’, pp.71–2.

32
Hoak, ‘The Anglo–Dutch Revolution of 1688–89’, p.20.

4: Designing Dutch Princely Rule

1
T. Sprat,
The history of the Royal-Society of London for the improving of natural knowledge
(London, 1667), pp.88–9.

2
On the court of Frederik Hendrik and Amalia van Solms see Keblusek and Zijlmans,
Princely Display
.

3
‘An autograph Memorandum from M. le Blon, in the handwriting of Rubens, Concerning a Picture for the Princess of Orange. The Subject The Marriage of Alexander the Great with Roxane’. See J.G. van Gelder, ‘Rubens Marginalia IV’,
Burlington Magazine
123 (1981), 542–6.

4
Ibid., p.545.

5
P. van der Ploeg and C. Vermeeren, ‘“From the ‘Sea Prince’s’ Monies”: The Stadholder’s Art Collection’, in P. van der Ploeg and C. Vermeeren (eds),
Princely Patrons: The Collection of Frederick Henry of Orange and Amalia of Solms in The Hague
(Zwolle: Waanders Publishers, 1997), pp.34–60; 34.

6
J. Israel, ‘The United Provinces of the Netherlands: The Courts of the House of Orange’, in J. Adamson (ed.),
The Princely Courts of Europe: Ritual, Politics and Culture under the Ancien Régime 1500–1700
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999), pp.119–40; 126.

7
See K. Ottenheym, ‘Architectuur’, in J. Huisken, K. Ottenheym and G. Schwartz (eds),
Jacob van Campen: Het klassieke ideaal in de Gouden Eeuw
(Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura Pers, 1995), pp.155–99; 175.

8
Ronald G. Asch, ‘Elizabeth, Princess (1596–1662)’,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk:80/view/article/8638, accessed 27 March 2007].

9
For Huygens’s youthful experiences in England see below. For the masques and ballets performed for the courts at The Hague see below,
Chapter 7
.

10
J. Israel, ‘The United Provinces of the Netherlands’, pp.119–40; 130.

11
16 August 1649, Worp, letter 4969.

12
See below,
Chapters 11
and
12
.

13
For Sir Constantijn Huygens’s early life see A.G.H. Bachrach,
Sir Constantine Huygens and Britain
, 1 (Leiden and Oxford: Brill and Oxford University Press, 1962); J.A. Worp (ed.),
De briefwisseling van Constantijn Huygens (1608–1687), 1 (1608–1634)
(’s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1911).

14
They had left The Hague on the evening of 7 June: ‘En Angleterre aveq Carleton’, 7 June 1618 (Dagb., p.9).

15
J.A. Worp (ed.),
De briefwisseling van Constantijn Huygens (1608–1687), 1 (1608–1634)
(’s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1911), p.21.

16
A.G.H. Bachrach,
Sir Constantine Huygens and Britain
, 1 (Leiden and Oxford: Brill and Oxford University Press, 1962), pp.113–17.

17
See H.J. Louw, ‘Anglo-Netherlandish architectural interchange c.1600–c.1660’,
Architectural History
24 (1981), 1–22 and 125–144; 4.

18
Bachrach,
Sir Constantine Huygens
, p.139.

19
Bachrach seems to suggest that this occasion followed immediately after the June encounter with King James, but that is not what is suggested by the documents. See ibid., pp.139–40.

20
Ibid., p.218.

21
See ibid., pp.179–80. Huygens also had a significant encounter with Charles, Prince of Wales (the future Charles I). See Bachrach,
Huygens and Britain
, p.161.

22
Fifty years later, Huygens expressed admiration for another solo viol-player in the English style, Dietrich Stoeffken. See T. Crawford, ‘“Allemande Mr. Zuilekom”. Constantijn Huygens’s sole surviving instrumental composition’,
Tijdschrift van de Vereniging voor Neederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis
37 (1987), 175–81; 177.

23
See J. Zijlmans, ‘Life at the Hague Court’, in Keblusek and Zijlmans,
Princely Display
, pp.30–46; 37.

24
On shared and distinctive musical traditions in England and the northern Netherlands in this period see J.A. Westrup, ‘Domestic music under the Stuarts’,
Proceedings of the Musical Association
(1941–42), 19–53; R.A. Rasch, ‘Seventeenth century Dutch editions of English instrumental music’,
Music and Letters
53 (1972), 270–3. On Huygens’s own musical production see T. Crawford, ‘“Allemande Mr. Zuilekom”’, 175.

25
See Brotton,
The Sale of the Late King’s Goods
.

26
See e.g. Bachrach,
Sir Constantine Huygens
, p.110 and footnote 1.

27
George Gage, Toby Matthew and Inigo Jones accompanied the Earl of Arundel on his art-collecting travels around Italy, where they acquired their expertise as Continental agents buying and selling art (see also Toby Matthews’s letter to Carleton about acquiring Rubens and van Dyck in 1620).

28
Cit. Muller, ‘Rubens’s museum’, p.571.

29
Ibid., p.575.

30
This account of Rubens’s transaction with Carleton is based on Simon Schama,
Rembrandt’s Eyes
(Harmondsworth: Allen Lane for Penguin Press, 1999), pp.175–6.

31
W.N. Sainsbury (ed.),
Original Unpublished Papers illustrative of the Life of Sir Peter Paul Rubens, as an artist and diplomatist, preserved in H.M. State Paper Office
(London: Bradbury & Evans, 1859), p.27.