God's War: A New History of the Crusades (157 page)

22
. Barthélémy, ‘Libre Exercise’, pp. 535–6; Ellenblum,
Settlement
, p. 84 and note 16; C. J. Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusades to the Holy Land?’,
Horns of Hattin
, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem 1992), pp. 13–26; and, generally, pp. 82–5; Röhricht,
Regesta regni
, passim.

23
. For a summary of legal processes with references to debated aspects, Mayer,
The Crusades
, chap. 8, pp. 152 et seq.

24
. The phrase is Prawer’s, ‘Colonization’, p. 105. For general discussions, Prawer, ‘Colonization’; Ellenblum,
Settlement
, esp. Part II.

25
. Discussed by Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 110.

26
.
Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers
, no. 309, i, 222–3.

27
. This is the central insight of Ellenblum,
Settlement
, pp. 111–44 and Part IV; cf. D. Pringle, ‘Churches and Settlement in Crusader Palestine’,
Experience of Crusading
, ed. Edbury and Phillips, ii, 161–78.

28
. C. E. Bosworth, ‘The “Protected Peoples” in Medieval Egypt and Syria’,
Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
, 62 (1979–80), 11–36.

29
. In general, the works of Prawer, Mayer and Riley-Smith; on Jews, J. Prawer,
The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Oxford 1988); for Muslim headman, Broadhurst,
Ibn Jubayr
, p. 317.

30
. Broadhurst,
Ibn Jubayr
, p. 316; in general, Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.

31
. Broadhursts,
Ibn Jubayr
, p. 322; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 214; Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p.146.

32
. But see B. Z. Kedar,
Crusade and Mission
(Princeton 1984), pp. 75–6, note 95; in general pp. 74–83.

33
. Broadhurst,
Ibn Jubayr
, pp. 321–2; Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 408–14.

34
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p. 232; Broadhurst,
Ibn Jubayr
, pp. 316–21, 323; Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 175–92, esp. pp. 177–80.

35
. Usamah,
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman
, pp. 164, 167–9;
Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier
, ed. L. de Mas Latrie (Paris 1871), pp. 82–4; B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Samaritans in the Frankish Period’,
Franks in the Levant
, ed. idem, chap. XIX, pp. 86–7; J. Drory, ‘Hanbalis of the Nablus Region’,
The Medieval Levant: Studies in Memory of Eliyahu Ashtor
, ed. B. Z. Kedar and U. L. Udovitch (Haifa 1988), pp. 95–112; E. Sivan, ‘Refugiés Syro-palestiniens au temps des croisades’,
Revue des Etudes Islamiques
, 35 (1967), 138–40.

36
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 20–21, 76–7; Usamah,
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman
, pp. 93–6, 149–50, 159–60, 163–4, 169–70; Kedar,
Crusade and Mission
, pp. 74–83.

37
.
Assises des Bourgeois
, c. 241, RHC Lois, i, 172; in general, Kedar, ‘Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.

38
. B. Z. Kedar, ‘Gerald of Nazareth’,
Franks in the Levant
, ed. idem, chap. IV, pp. 55 et seq.; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 187–92; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 232, 321–3; Röhricht,
Regesta regni
, no. 502; Ellenblum,
Settlement
, pp. 119–20, 125–8; Abbé Martin, ‘Les Premiers Princes croisades et les Syriens jacobites’,
Journal asiatique
, 12 (1888), 471–90; 13 (1889), 33–79; Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons’, pp. 96–7 and note 38.

39
. See the map, Ellenblum,
Settlement
, p. xviii and passim; D. Pringle,
Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Cambridge 1997), esp. pp. 4–5; D. Pringle,
The Red Tower
(Edinburgh 1986).

40
. Usamah,
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman
, pp. 95, 130.

41
. Pringle,
Red Tower
, pp. 58–63; Tibble,
Monarchy and Lordships
, pp. 103–4, 108–10, 113, 141–3; Ellenblum,
Settlement
, pp. 198–204.

42
. Ambroise,
Estoire de la Guerre Sainte
, trans. M. J. Hubert and J. L. Lamonte,
The Crusade of Richard the Lion-Heart
(New York 1976), ll. 7121–5, p. 281. (Hereafter Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
.)

43
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 342 and 343 for Abu Shama’s account of Reynald of Sidon; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 469; iii, 59, 489; for Ibn Shaddad’s account of the bilingual diplomacy, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 228–9.

44
. Röhricht,
Regesta regni
, no. 502; A. E. Dostourian,
Armenia and the Crusades: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
(New York/London 1993), pp. 245–57.

45
. For a useful summary, Mayer,
Crusades
, pp. 189–93 and refs.; and the articles by J. Folda and D. Pringle in J. Riley-Smith (ed.),
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
(Oxford 1995).

46
.
De constructione castri Saphet
, trans. Kennedy,
Crusader Castles
, p. 194, but see n. 7 p. 211; Broadhurst,
Ibn Jubayr
, p. 322.

47
. Usamah,
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman
, pp. 169–70.

48
. Pringle,
Red Tower
, p. 178;
Cartulaire du Saint-Sépulchre de Jerusalem
, no. 117, pp. 237–9; G. A. Loud, ‘Norman Italy and the Holy Land’,
Horns of Hattin
, ed. Kazar, p. 52 and note 14.

49
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 317 and note 2.

50
. Cited by Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 183 and note 97.

51
. See B. Z. Kedar’s comments,
Horns of Hattin
, pp. 350–53, 359–60, 363 and J. Prawer’s reaction, ibid., esp. pp. 365–6.

52
. Cf. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
, and Kedar,
Crusade and Mission
, p. 78.

53
. Thietmar,
Peregrinatio, Peregrinationes Medii Aevi Quatuor
, ed. J. C. M. Laurent (Leipzig 1873), ii, 37.

8: A New Path to Salvation? Western Christendom and Holy War 1100–1145

1
. Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
p. 124; Ekkehard of Aura,
Hierosolymita
, v, 39.

2
. Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, p. 167 and, generally, pp. 144–68; Riley-Smith,
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades
, pp. 80–81.

3
. H. W. C. Davis, ‘Henry of Blois and Brian FitzCount’,
English Historical Review
, 25 (1910), 301–3.

4
.
Chronicon S. Andreae in Castro Cameracesii
, ed. L. C. Bethmann, MGH SS, vii (Hanover 1846), 544–5; in general, C. Morris, ‘Propaganda for War’,
Studies in Church History
, xx, ed. W. J. Shields (Woodbridge 1983), 79–101.

5
.
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 50–56, 66–7; for the First Crusade histories, Riley-Smith,
First Crusade
, pp. 60–61, 135–52.

6
. P. Rousset,
Les Origines et les caractères de la première croisade
(Geneva 1945); K. Skovgaard-Petersen,
A Journey to the Promised Land: Crusading Theology in the
Historia de profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam (Copenhagen 2001); R. Hiestand, ‘Il cronista medievale e il suo pubblico’,
Annali della facolta di lettere e filosofia dell’universita di Napoli
, 27 (1984–5), 207–27; Gunther of Pairis,
Historia Constantinopolitana
, ed. Comte Riant,
Exuviae Constantinopolitanae
, i (Geneva 1877), 60–66, now trans. A. J. Andrea,
The Capture of Constantinople
(Philadelphia 1997) (hereafter Gunther of Pairis,
Capture
); Gunther of Pairis,
Solymarius
,
Archives de l’Orient Latin
, i (1881), 555–61; for the abbot’s presentation to Frederick I, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. Lat. 2001, fol. 1 recto.

7
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 71, cf. pp. 68–9; Ekkehard of Aura,
Chronicon
, ed. G. Weitz,
PL
, 154, col. 987 for 1101 sermon; for 1108 appeal against the Wends, W. Wattenbach, ‘Handschriftliches’,
Neues Archiv
(1882), vii, 624–6, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 75–7.

8
. Gaimar,
Lestoire des Engleis
, ed. T. D. Hardy and C. T. Martin, Rolls Series (London 1888–9), i, 244–5; cf. William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum Anglorum
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), ii, 433, 460, 461.

9
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 352–5.

10
. Quoted by Morris, ‘Propaganda for War’, p. 93.

11
. D. Denny, ‘A Romanesque Fresco in Auxerre Cathedral’,
Gesta
, 25 (1986), 197–202.

12
. See M. Biddle,
Tomb of Christ
(Stroud 1999), p. 31.

13
. R. L. Crocker, ‘Early Crusade Songs’,
The Holy War
, ed. T. P. Murphy (Columbus 1976), pp. 78–98.

14
. Sigebert of Gembloux,
Epistola Leodicensium adversus Paschalem Papam
,
Libelli de Lite Imperatorum et Pontificum
, ii, MGH (Hanover 1892), 451–2; D. Girgensohn, ‘Das Pisaner Konzil von 1135 in der Überlieferung des Pisaner Konzils von 1409’,
Festschrift für Hermann Heimpel
(Göttingen 1972), ii, 1,099–100.

15
. Duparc-Quioc,
Chanson d’Antioche
, i, 171; Suger of St Denis,
The Deeds of Louis the Fat
, trans. R. C. Cusimo and J. Moorhead (Washington, DC 1992), pp. 37, 106–9.

16
. Gouffier of Lastours, according to Geoffrey of Vigeois,
Chronicon
,
Receuil des historiens des Gaules et de la France
, ed. M. Bouquet et al. (Paris 1737–1904), xii, 428; the story describes a crusading Androcles and the Lion, the knight and the lion becoming inseparable after Gouffier had freed the beast from the clutches of a serpent. The tale is probably more exotic than true.

17
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 162.

18
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 287.

19
. Suger,
Louis the Fat
, p. 84;
Gesta Ambaziensium Dominorum
,
Chroniques d’Anjou
, ed. P. Marchegay and A. Salmon (Paris 1856), pp. 181–205, esp. pp. 188–90, 193, 205; Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, v, 168; vi, 158; Ivo of Chartres,
Epistolae
, PL, 162, cols. 144–5, no. 135.

20
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 240, 410.

21
. Henry of Huntingdon,
Historia Anglorum
, ed. T. Arnold, Rolls Series (London 1879), pp. 262–3; Geoffrey of Monmouth,
Historia Regum Britanniae
, ed. A. Griscom and R. Ellis Jones (London 1929), pp. 437–8, trans. L. Thorpe,
The History of the Kings of Britain
(London 1966), p. 216.

22
. PL, 163, col. 508, no. 25 for Gelasius’s letter of 10 Dec. 1118;
Song of Roland
, trans. D. L. Sayers (London 1975), p. 135, l. 2197.

23
. Snorri Sturluson,
Heimskringla
, trans. L. M. Hollander (Austin 1964), pp. 688–97; P. Riant,
Expéditions et pèlerinages des Scandinaves en Terre Sainte au temps des croisades
(Paris 1865), pp. 156, 161–3; William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum Anglorum
, ed. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, M. Winterbottom (Oxford 1998–9), i, 740–43.

24
.
Annales Hildesheimensis
, ed. G. Waitz, MGH (Hanover 1878), pp. 50–51; Otto of Freising,
Chronica
, ed. A Hofmeister, MGH (Hanover and Leipzig 1912), p. 318; Ekkehard of Aura,
Chronicon
, col. 987;
Die Briefe Heinrichs IV
, ed. C. Erdmann, MGH (Leipzig 1937), pp. 39–40, no. 31.