God's War: A New History of the Crusades (155 page)

28
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 46 and, for the author’s apparently eyewitness and certainly dramatic account of the episode, pp. 44–8.

29
. The butcher may have been a shepherd, according to the thirteenth-century Ibn al-Athir,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, trans. F. Gabrieli (London 1984), pp. 6–7; for other references, France,
Victory
, p. 267.

30
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 150.

31
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, v, 98; vi, 18.

32
. A leading figure in these events left the most detailed record: Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 51–61, but cf. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 57–60, 65–6 and the letters accepting the Lance’s authenticity, of Anselm of Ribemont, July 1098, and the crusade leaders, Sept. 1098, Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 159–60, 163; C. Morris, ‘Policy and Visions: the Case of the Holy Lance at Antioch’,
War and Government in the Middle Ages
, ed. J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt (Woodbridge 1984), pp. 33–45.

33
. Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons’, pp. 94–5.

34
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 52.

35
. For Peter’s later visions, Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 66–72, 76–8, 93–103; cf. France,
Victory
, p. 322; Morris, ‘Policy and Visions’, pp. 42–3; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, i, 273–4.

36
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L., Hill, pp. 108, 110, 122–3, 128; on relics in general, cf. pp. 111–13.

37
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p. 106; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 67 and Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, v, 108 for Herluin the interpreter; France,
Victory
, pp. 270–96.

38
. Cf. Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, pp. 348–50 with Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 63–5, Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States
, esp. pp. 32–60.

39
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 161–5; cf. the earlier letter from the princes April/July 1098, which lacks anti-Greek vitriol, pp. 153–5.

40
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 155–6.

41
. See note 1 above and refs. for Egyptian negotiations.

42
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 74–5 (‘peace of discord’).

43
. For cannibalism at Ma ‘arrat
Gesta Francorum
, p. 80; Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 81; in general, Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, pp. 241–2; the main ‘source’ is the later
Chanson d’Antioche
which places the first outbreak at Antioch: L. A. M. Sumberg, ‘The “Tafurs” and the First Crusade’,
Medieval Studies
, 21 (1959), 224–46, esp. 235–46. Sumberg argues for a Flemish origin of the Tafurs and their ‘king’. Albert of Aachen, usually a rich source for north-eastern Frenchmen, does not mention them.

44
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 81–3; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 81.

45
. For the events at Arqah, Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, pp. 87–113; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 83–5; France,
Victory
, pp. 316–26 and pp. 326–31 for march to Jerusalem. For Urban II’s alleged decree on the right of conquest, R. Somerville, ‘The Council of Clermont and the First Crusade’,
Studia Gratiana
, 20 (1976), 335–7, but cf. J. Richard,
The Crusades
(Cambridge 1999), p. 112.

46
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 113 comments on their rotting timbers.

47
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 116; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 87.

48
. The best modern accounts are J. Prawer, ‘The Jerusalem the Crusaders Captured’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. Edbury, pp. 1–16; France,
Victory
, pp. 330–57.

49
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 470; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 90; Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 121–3.

50
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, pp. 476–7.

51
.
Gesta Francorum
, p. 91; Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 127–8.

52
. S. Goitein, ‘Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders’,
Journal of Jewish Studies
, 3 (1952), pp. 165, 173 and, in general, pp. 162–77.

53
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 127; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 92; Goitein, ‘Contemporary Letters’, p. 172; idem, ‘Geniza Sources for the Crusader Period’,
Outremer
, ed. B. Kedar, H. Mayer, R. Smail (Jerusalem 1982), p. 312 and, generally, pp. 306–14.

54
. See
notes 52
and
53
above.

55
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 92; Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 128.

56
. The aftermath of the capture and the battle of Ascalon are dealt with contrastingly by Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, i, 289–302; France,
Victory
, pp. 356–66.

57
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p. 89; Murray, ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon’, pp. 301–29.

58
. A. E. Laiou,
Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II 1282–1328
(Cambridge, Mass. 1972), pp. 130–99; K. Setton,
The Papacy and the Levant 1204–1571
(Philadelphia 1976–84), i, 163–4, 168–9, 441–56.

59
. J. France, ‘Crusading Warfare and Its Adaptation to Eastern Conditions in the Twelfth Century’,
Mediterranean Historical Review
, 15 (2000), 49–66.

60
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 138–40, 144–6, 149–52, 156–60.

5: The Foundation of Christian Outremer

1
. Translation in M. Biddle,
The Tomb of Christ
(Stroud 1999), pp. 92–4, generally pp. 91–5; for building dates, M. de Vogue,
Les Eglises de la Terre Sainte
(Paris 1860), esp. p. 218; for Fulk, William of Tyre,
Historia
, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey,
A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
(New York 1976, reprint of 1941 edn), ii, 62 (hereafter William of Tyre,
History
).

2
. See the examples discussed by C. Morris, ‘Picturing the Crusades’,
The Crusades and their Sources
, ed. J. France and W. G. Zajac (Aldershot 1998), pp. 195–216; cf. Biddle,
The Tomb of Christ
.

3
. H. W. C. Davis, ‘Henry of Blois and Brian FitzCount’,
English Historical Review
, 25 (1910), 301–3.

4
. J. Delaville le Roulx (ed.),
Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem 1100–1310
(Paris 1894–1906), no. 309, i, 222–3, no. 309; Robert of Rheims,
Historia Iherosolimitana
, RHC Occ., iii, 723.

5
. B. Hamilton,
The Latin Church in the Crusader States
(London 1980), pp. 61–2; J. Richard,
The Crusades c. 1071–c.1291
(Cambridge 1999), pp. 100, 119; for the refashioning of the Holy Land in the twentieth century, see M. Benvenisti,
Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948
(London 2000).

6
. In general for the 1100–1101 expeditions, Riley-Smith,
First Crusade
, pp. 120–34; Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, pp. 75–7 and passim; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 18–31; J. L. Cate, ‘The Crusade of 1101’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. K. Setton (2nd edn Madison 1969–89), i, 343–67; cf. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 141–2, 144–55, 156–65, 174–9. For numbers, France,
Victory
, pp. 122–42; J. Riley-Smith, ‘Casualties on the First Crusade’,
Crusades
, 1 (2002), 13–28; Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, iii, 182–3 (written before 1130) for his reference to the 1107–8 crusade as the third journey (
tercia profectio
) to Jerusalem, implying that the 1101–2 was regarded as the second.

7
.
Cartulaire de St Cyr de Nevers
, ed. R. de Lespinasse (Nevers/Paris 1916), no. 96.

8
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, v, 324.

9
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 175–6, no. XX and pp. 144–6, 155–6 for the letters; Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, p. 219 for their circulation.

10
. Quoted by M. Angold,
The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204
(London 1984), p. 150; for Anna Comnena’s gloss,
Alexiad
, pp. 355–7.

11
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 563.

12
. Ekkehard of Aura,
Hierosolymita
, v, 30.

13
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 150.

14
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, pp. 284–8, 300–302; for general accounts of twelfth-century Outremer, J. Prawer,
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
(London 1972); Richard,
The Crusades
, pp. 77–215; J. Riley-Smith,
The Crusades: A Short History
(London 1990), pp. 40–87; H. E. Mayer,
The Crusades
(2nd edn Oxford 1988), pp. 58–136, 152–95. The main western chronicle accounts are, up to the late 1120s, Fulcher of Chartres, Albert of Aachen and, thereafter, William of Tyre.

15
. M. Benvenisti,
The Crusaders in the Holy Land
(Jerusalem 1970), pp. 14, 132; J. Riley-Smith, ‘The Survival in Latin Palestine of Muslim Administration’,
The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades
, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster 1977), pp. 9–22 and esp. p. 16.

16
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
pp. 132, 150; William of Tyre,
History
, i, 408; for the accounts of the Englishman Saewulf (1101×3) and the Russian abbot Daniel (1106×8), J. Wilkinson,
The Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185
, Hackluyt Society, NS, 167 (1988), 100, 108, 145, 148–50, 154, 162.

17
. H. E. Mayer and M. L. Favreau, ‘Das Diplom Balduins I für Genua und Genuas Goldene Inschrift in der Grabeskirche’,
Quellen und Forschungen aus italianischen Archiven und Bibliotheken
, 55–6 (1976), 22 et seq.; other scholars still maintain the authenticity of both 1104 privilege and the inscription.

18
. Caffaro of Genoa,
De Liberatione Civitatum Orientis Liber
, RHC Occ., v.

19
. Richard,
The Crusades
, pp. 98–9.

20
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, pp. 149–50.

21
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 73–4 and, generally, pp. 69–76.

6: The Latin States

1
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, pp. 271–2.

2
. Apart from the general accounts by Riley-Smith, Mayer, Richard and Prawer (above chap. 5 note 14), see for the Muslim perspective Holt,
Age of Crusades
, pp. 23–59; C. Cahen,
La Syrie du Nord
(Paris 1940); and the chapters by H. S. Fink, R. L. Nicholson and H. A. R. Gibb in
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, vol. i. There is no surviving Edessan Latin chronicle, but cf. that of the Armenian Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian,
Armenia and the Crusades
(New York and London 1993); William of Tyre et al. have much to say as well. On Edessa generally, J. B. Segal,
Edessa, ‘The Blessed City’
(Oxford 1970).