Gandhi & Churchill (116 page)

42. Speech of February 20, 1935, in Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
5:5497.

43. Quoted in Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
615.

44. Ibid., 617.

45. Ross,
Emissary,
20, 29.

46. Birla,
Shadow of Mahatma,
xv.

47. Ibid., ix.

48. Ibid., 189–90.

49. Ibid, 191.

50. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
883.

CHAPTER 21.
Against the Current

1. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
619.

2. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
437–38.

3. Ibid., 439, 445, 437.

4. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
399.

5. Tendulkar,
Mahatma,
5:271.

6. Brown,
Modern India,
279, 286.

7. Ibid., 287.

8. Arnold,
Gandhi,
185.

9. Payne,
Gandhi,
467.

10. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
70:296.

11. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
300.

12. Ibid., 301.

13. Green,
Gandhi,
342.

14. See letter to Harilal’s son Manu, June 6, 1935, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
67:139.

15. Kalarthi,
Ba and Bapu,
90–91.

16. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
69:77–78.

17. Green,
Gandhi,
343.

18. Quoted in Payne,
Gandhi,
473.

19. For example, Lala Lajpat Rai. See Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
25.

20. Quoted in Wolpert,
Jinnah,
71.

21. See Ahmed,
Jinnah, Pakistan,
71–72.

22. Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
25.

23. Quoted in Ahmed,
Jinnah, Pakistan,
74.

24. Golwalkar,
We or our Nationhood Defined
(1938), quoted in ibid., 67.

25. Quoted in ibid., 74.

26. Wolpert,
Jinnah,
152.

27. Brown,
Modern India,
296.

28. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
295; Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
27–28.

29. Talbot,
Provincial Politics;
Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
29.

30. Nehru,
Toward Freedom,
365.

31. Brown,
Modern India,
296.

32. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
73:136; Wolpert,
Jinnah,
160.

33. Wolpert,
Jinnah,
163.

34. Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
31.

35. Chamberlain’s arrival was not the first public event broadcast by the new and primitive television—that honor belonged to the coronation of the new king George VI.

36. Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
20.

37. Taylor,
Origins,
292.

38. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
990.

39. “It was a triumph for all that was best and most enlightened in British life,” writes historian Alan Taylor with an overlay of irony, “a triumph for those who had preached equal justice between peoples,” including for the three million Sudeten Germans who had hitherto lived under Czech rule. Taylor,
Origins,
184.

40. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
990, 981.

41. Churchill,
While England Slept,
218.

42. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
1011–12.

43. Taylor,
Origins,
76, 285.

44. Quoted in Lukacs,
Duel,
39.

45. Gilbert,
Wilderness Years,
141.

46. Ibid., 111.

47. For example, Charmley,
End of Glory,
and Charmley,
Churchill’s Grand Alliance,
passim.

48. Quoted in Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
141–42.

49. According to John Charmley, if the Government “did not actually authorize” Desmond Morton to leak its estimates of German air strength to Churchill, “ministers were not sorry he had them.”
End of Glory,
292.

50. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
918–19.

51. Hyde,
Baldwin,
352.

52. Taylor,
Origins,
132.

53. Roberts,
Holy Fox,
47–48.

54. Ibid.

55. Taylor,
Origins,
184.

56. Manchester,
Alone,
101.

57. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
680.

58. For example, speech of March 12, 1931, Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
5:4995.

59. Gilbert,
Companion,
5:3:704–5.

60. Quoted in Gilbert,
Wilderness Years,
111.

61. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
561–62.

62. Ibid., 441, 561.

63. Ibid., 977.

64. Gilbert,
Wilderness Years,
116.

65. Ibid., 77.

66. Quoted in Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
1001–2.

67. Quoted in Churchill,
His Father’s Son,
105.

68. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
610–11.

69. Pearson,
Private Lives,
230.

70. Charmley,
End of Glory,
300–1.

71. Churchill,
His Father’s Son,
103–4.

72. Manchester,
Alone,
385.

73. Churchill,
His Father’s Son,
448.

74. Charmley,
End of Glory,
300.

75. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
603.

76. Quoted in Gilbert,
Wilderness Years,
152.

77. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
700.

78. Gilbert,
Companion,
5:3:658.

79. Ibid., 5:3:730–31.

80. Gilbert,
Wilderness Years,
157.

81. Dutton,
Anthony Eden,
29.

82. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
905.

CHAPTER 22.
Edge of Darkness

1. Taylor,
Origins,
153.

2. Roberts,
Holy Fox,
447.

3. Colvin,
Chamberlain Cabinet,
146–47.

4. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
993.

5. Ibid., 999–1001.

6. Nicholson,
Diary.

7. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
74:79; Payne,
Gandhi,
482.

8. Bose,
Collected Works,
9:92.

9. Chaudhury,
Gandhi and Contemporaries,
277.

10. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
502–3.

11. For example, his speech, “India and Russia,” February 22, 1942, in Nehru,
Independence,
213–14.

12. Letter February 12, 1935, Bose,
Collected Works,
8:91.

13. S. Das,
Subhas,
307, 345.

14. Bose,
Collected Works,
2:349, 351.

15. Chaudhury,
Gandhi and Contemporaries,
282.

16. Bose,
Collected Works,
8:3–30.

17. Just how bitter is reflected in Nirad Chaudhuri’s memoir written fifty years after the event: Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
458–70.

18. Quoted ibid., 507.

19. Ibid., 507–8.

20. Chaudhury,
Gandhi and Contemporaries,
283.

21. Ibid.

22. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
510.

23. Quoted in Chaudhury,
Gandhi and Contemporaries,
284.

24. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
515.

25. Letter of October 24, 1940, quoted in Chaudhury,
Gandhi and Contemporaries,
286.

26. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
74:34.

27. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
292–94.

28. Green,
Gandhi,
345.

29. Churchill,
Gathering Storm,
342–43.

30. Quoted in Colvin,
Chamberlain Cabinet,
191.

31. Taylor,
Origins,
197–98.

32. Gilbert,
Companion,
5:3:1411–12, 1488.

33. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
1064–65.

34. Ibid., 1085.

35. Ibid., 1053.

36. The phrase is from Lord Wolmer, in a letter dated July 7, 1939, Gilbert,
Companion,
5:3:1554.

37. Charmley,
End of Glory,
364.

38. Quoted in Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
1081.

39. Quoted ibid., 1063.

40. Ibid., 1103.

41. Manchester,
Alone,
519.

42. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
1108.

43. Churchill,
Gathering Storm,
406.

44. Colvin,
Chamberlain Cabinet,
252.

45. Churchill,
Gathering Storm,
408.

46. Quoted in Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
1112.

47. Manchester,
Alone,
543.

48. Gilbert,
Prophet of Truth,
1113; Churchill,
Gathering Storm,
410.

CHAPTER 23.
Collision Course

1. Glendevon,
Viceroy at Bay,
71–72.

2. Ibid., 73.

3. Ibid., 134. The Congress Working Committee had declared its opposition to India’s participation in any future war as far back as May and did so again in August 1939. See Ahmad,
Indian Response,
3.

4. For example, ibid., 4, and the discussion in Moon,
British Conquest,
1086. Moon, to his credit, personally disagrees with this view.

5. According to Payne,
Gandhi,
482. See also Parekh,
Colonialism,
for Gandhi’s critique of Western civilization, esp. 82–84.

6. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
75:241–42.

7. Quoted in Fischer,
Life of Gandhi,
350.

8. Ibid., 350.

9. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
76:156.

10. Ibid., 78:344.

11. Fischer,
Life of Gandhi,
348.

12. Ibid.

13. The full quotation, recorded by an eyewitness, is: “Shoot Gandhi. And if that does not reduce them to submission, shoot a dozen leading members of the Congress; and if that does not suffice, shoot 200 or so until order is established.” Roberts,
Holy Fox,
72.

14. Churchill,
Blood, Sweat, and Tears,
314.

15. “How to Combat Hitlerism,” June 18, 1940, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
78: 343.

16. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
534–35.

17. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
76: 311–12.

18. Ibid., 76:327.

19. Nehru,
Toward Freedom,
408.

20. Quoted in Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
270.

21. Quoted in Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
555–56.

22. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
76:355.

23. Brown,
Modern India,
299–300.

24. Ibid., 242.

25. Letter of October 11, 1937, in Gilbert,
Companion,
5:3:789.

26. Glendevon,
Viceroy at Bay,
144, 148.

27. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
76:12, 58.

28. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
314, 325.

29. Quoted in Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
35.

30. Ibid.

31. The league did condemn Nazi aggression but warned that any Muslim cooperation depended on “justice and fair play” for Muslims, including no more constitutional concessions to the Hindus. Moon,
British Conquest,
1087. After all, to Jinnah’s mind the real enemy was not the Germans or even the British but the Indian National Congress.